Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection

This paper presents a comprehensive review of High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) systems, focusing on their technological evolution, fault characteristics, and advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection. The paper traces the development of HVDC links globally, highlighting the transit...

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Main Authors: Leyla Zafari, Yuan Liu, Abhisek Ukil, Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3106
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author Leyla Zafari
Yuan Liu
Abhisek Ukil
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
author_facet Leyla Zafari
Yuan Liu
Abhisek Ukil
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
author_sort Leyla Zafari
collection DOAJ
description This paper presents a comprehensive review of High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) systems, focusing on their technological evolution, fault characteristics, and advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection. The paper traces the development of HVDC links globally, highlighting the transition from mercury-arc valves to Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)-based converters and showcasing operational projects in technologically advanced countries. A detailed comparison of converter technologies including line-commutated converters (LCCs), Voltage-Source Converters (VSCs), and Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) and pole configurations (monopolar, bipolar, homopolar, and MMC) is provided. The paper categorizes HVDC faults into AC, converter, and DC types, focusing on their primary locations and fault characteristics. Signal processing methods, including time-domain, frequency-domain, and time–frequency-domain approaches, are systematically compared, supported by relevant case studies. The review identifies critical research gaps in enhancing the reliability of fault detection, classification, and protection under diverse fault conditions, offering insights into future advancements in HVDC system resilience.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1996-1073
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publishDate 2025-06-01
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series Energies
spelling doaj-art-063b96efd2c04ba4ade0792fdddd92a72025-08-20T03:24:37ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-06-011812310610.3390/en18123106Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault DetectionLeyla Zafari0Yuan Liu1Abhisek Ukil2Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair3Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New ZealandThis paper presents a comprehensive review of High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) systems, focusing on their technological evolution, fault characteristics, and advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection. The paper traces the development of HVDC links globally, highlighting the transition from mercury-arc valves to Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)-based converters and showcasing operational projects in technologically advanced countries. A detailed comparison of converter technologies including line-commutated converters (LCCs), Voltage-Source Converters (VSCs), and Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) and pole configurations (monopolar, bipolar, homopolar, and MMC) is provided. The paper categorizes HVDC faults into AC, converter, and DC types, focusing on their primary locations and fault characteristics. Signal processing methods, including time-domain, frequency-domain, and time–frequency-domain approaches, are systematically compared, supported by relevant case studies. The review identifies critical research gaps in enhancing the reliability of fault detection, classification, and protection under diverse fault conditions, offering insights into future advancements in HVDC system resilience.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3106HVDC systemsfault detectionsignal processingconverter technologiesdetection schemesfuture trends
spellingShingle Leyla Zafari
Yuan Liu
Abhisek Ukil
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection
Energies
HVDC systems
fault detection
signal processing
converter technologies
detection schemes
future trends
title Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection
title_full Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection
title_fullStr Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection
title_full_unstemmed Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection
title_short Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection
title_sort advances in hvdc systems aspects principles and a comprehensive review of signal processing techniques for fault detection
topic HVDC systems
fault detection
signal processing
converter technologies
detection schemes
future trends
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3106
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AT yuanliu advancesinhvdcsystemsaspectsprinciplesandacomprehensivereviewofsignalprocessingtechniquesforfaultdetection
AT abhisekukil advancesinhvdcsystemsaspectsprinciplesandacomprehensivereviewofsignalprocessingtechniquesforfaultdetection
AT nirmalkumarcnair advancesinhvdcsystemsaspectsprinciplesandacomprehensivereviewofsignalprocessingtechniquesforfaultdetection