Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis

Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) is increasingly used to monitor the spread of various pathogens, including viruses like SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, and protozoa. This work reports a WBS study for SARS-CoV-2 conducted in Jorhat district of Assam, India. A total of 800 samples were collected from divers...

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Main Authors: Gayatri Gogoi, Rashmi Rani Boro, Sarangthem Dinamani Singh, Emon Kalyan, Akib Ali, Keshab Nath, Hridoy Jyoti Mahanta, Pankaj Bharali
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Cleaner Water
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950263225000171
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author Gayatri Gogoi
Rashmi Rani Boro
Sarangthem Dinamani Singh
Emon Kalyan
Akib Ali
Keshab Nath
Hridoy Jyoti Mahanta
Pankaj Bharali
author_facet Gayatri Gogoi
Rashmi Rani Boro
Sarangthem Dinamani Singh
Emon Kalyan
Akib Ali
Keshab Nath
Hridoy Jyoti Mahanta
Pankaj Bharali
author_sort Gayatri Gogoi
collection DOAJ
description Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) is increasingly used to monitor the spread of various pathogens, including viruses like SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, and protozoa. This work reports a WBS study for SARS-CoV-2 conducted in Jorhat district of Assam, India. A total of 800 samples were collected from diverse locations, such as hospitals, residential areas, and rivers bodies, in two sessions – a) September 2022 to March 2023, and b) September 2023 to March 2024. The samples were collected from water surface and a layer of depth of 30 cm (transitional) of these wastewater bodies during the rainy season (September & October) and dry season (December till March). Though SARS-CoV-2 positive rate was high during the rainy season, results showed that it was more common in the transitional layer in both wet and dry seasons. Notably, positive samples in the second session were detected only during the rainy season. Furthermore, we identified eight (8) distinct lineages, such as XAA, XAB, XAC, BA.2.38.2, BA.2.66, B, XBB.1, and XAJ and among which XAA, XAB, and XAJ have not been detected in routine epidemiological studies in India. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of WBS in tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing crucial data for public health assessment. The seasonal and regional fluctuations in viral detection draw attention to the need of environmental elements in surveillance efforts.
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spelling doaj-art-06058d824ebc413faa96a6941365bf222025-08-20T03:21:19ZengElsevierCleaner Water2950-26322025-06-01310007910.1016/j.clwat.2025.100079Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysisGayatri Gogoi0Rashmi Rani Boro1Sarangthem Dinamani Singh2Emon Kalyan3Akib Ali4Keshab Nath5Hridoy Jyoti Mahanta6Pankaj Bharali7Centre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, IndiaCentre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, IndiaAdvanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, IndiaCentre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, IndiaCentre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, IndiaBhattadev University, Barpeta, Assam 781325, IndiaAdvanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Corresponding author at: Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India.Centre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Corresponding author at: Centre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India.Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) is increasingly used to monitor the spread of various pathogens, including viruses like SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, and protozoa. This work reports a WBS study for SARS-CoV-2 conducted in Jorhat district of Assam, India. A total of 800 samples were collected from diverse locations, such as hospitals, residential areas, and rivers bodies, in two sessions – a) September 2022 to March 2023, and b) September 2023 to March 2024. The samples were collected from water surface and a layer of depth of 30 cm (transitional) of these wastewater bodies during the rainy season (September & October) and dry season (December till March). Though SARS-CoV-2 positive rate was high during the rainy season, results showed that it was more common in the transitional layer in both wet and dry seasons. Notably, positive samples in the second session were detected only during the rainy season. Furthermore, we identified eight (8) distinct lineages, such as XAA, XAB, XAC, BA.2.38.2, BA.2.66, B, XBB.1, and XAJ and among which XAA, XAB, and XAJ have not been detected in routine epidemiological studies in India. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of WBS in tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing crucial data for public health assessment. The seasonal and regional fluctuations in viral detection draw attention to the need of environmental elements in surveillance efforts.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950263225000171Wastewater-based surveillanceVirusSARS-CoV-2Droplet Digital PCRGenome sequencing
spellingShingle Gayatri Gogoi
Rashmi Rani Boro
Sarangthem Dinamani Singh
Emon Kalyan
Akib Ali
Keshab Nath
Hridoy Jyoti Mahanta
Pankaj Bharali
Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
Cleaner Water
Wastewater-based surveillance
Virus
SARS-CoV-2
Droplet Digital PCR
Genome sequencing
title Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
title_full Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
title_fullStr Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
title_full_unstemmed Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
title_short Post-pandemic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
title_sort post pandemic surveillance of sars cov 2 in wastewater bodies using integrated molecular analysis
topic Wastewater-based surveillance
Virus
SARS-CoV-2
Droplet Digital PCR
Genome sequencing
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950263225000171
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