Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period
Abstract Background The comparability of outcomes for non-hospitalized COVID-19 outpatients during the Omicron wave to outpatients with influenza remains uncertain. This study aims to compare the outcomes of non-hospitalized outpatients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza during the fall-winter of...
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BMC
2025-03-01
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| Series: | BMC Infectious Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10833-6 |
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| author | Wan-Hsuan Hsu Bo-Wen Shiau Ya-Wen Tsai Jheng-Yan Wu Ting-Hui Liu Po-Yu Huang Min-Hsiang Chuang Chih-Cheng Lai |
| author_facet | Wan-Hsuan Hsu Bo-Wen Shiau Ya-Wen Tsai Jheng-Yan Wu Ting-Hui Liu Po-Yu Huang Min-Hsiang Chuang Chih-Cheng Lai |
| author_sort | Wan-Hsuan Hsu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The comparability of outcomes for non-hospitalized COVID-19 outpatients during the Omicron wave to outpatients with influenza remains uncertain. This study aims to compare the outcomes of non-hospitalized outpatients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza during the fall-winter of 2022–2023. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX, a collaborative clinical research platform. Non-hospitalized outpatients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza between 01 October 2022 and 31 January 2023 were selected from TriNetX. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare patients receiving corresponding outpatient antiviral treatments. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the primary outcome—a composite of all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, or mortality during the 30-day follow-up period—were calculated and compared. Results After PSM, two well-balanced groups of 9,030 patients each were identified. Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a lower risk of primary composites outcomes including all-cause ED visits, hospitalization, or mortality (5.9% vs. 9.2%, HR, 0.661[95% CI, 0.593–0.737]) compared to the influenza group. In addition, the COVID-19 group demonstrated a reduced risk of all-cause ED visits (4.4% vs. 6.6%, HR 0.683[0.601–0.776]), hospitalization (1.7% vs. 2.9%, HR 0.605[0.495–0.739]) and mortality (0.1% vs. 0.2%, HR 0.176[0.052–0.597]), respectively. Conclusions This study indicates a lower risk of all-cause ED visits, hospitalization, and mortality in the non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to the seasonal influenza group, supporting the current public health strategy of adjusting COVID-19 management based on approaches used for seasonal influenza. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-05c878855c8f463d8e2d6cd758f634cc |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1471-2334 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Infectious Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-05c878855c8f463d8e2d6cd758f634cc2025-08-20T03:08:05ZengBMCBMC Infectious Diseases1471-23342025-03-012511910.1186/s12879-025-10833-6Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 periodWan-Hsuan Hsu0Bo-Wen Shiau1Ya-Wen Tsai2Jheng-Yan Wu3Ting-Hui Liu4Po-Yu Huang5Min-Hsiang Chuang6Chih-Cheng Lai7Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterDepartment of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterCenter of Integrative Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterDepartment of Nutrition, Chi Mei Medical CenterDepartment of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical CenterDepartment of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterDepartment of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterAbstract Background The comparability of outcomes for non-hospitalized COVID-19 outpatients during the Omicron wave to outpatients with influenza remains uncertain. This study aims to compare the outcomes of non-hospitalized outpatients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza during the fall-winter of 2022–2023. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX, a collaborative clinical research platform. Non-hospitalized outpatients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza between 01 October 2022 and 31 January 2023 were selected from TriNetX. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare patients receiving corresponding outpatient antiviral treatments. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the primary outcome—a composite of all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, or mortality during the 30-day follow-up period—were calculated and compared. Results After PSM, two well-balanced groups of 9,030 patients each were identified. Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a lower risk of primary composites outcomes including all-cause ED visits, hospitalization, or mortality (5.9% vs. 9.2%, HR, 0.661[95% CI, 0.593–0.737]) compared to the influenza group. In addition, the COVID-19 group demonstrated a reduced risk of all-cause ED visits (4.4% vs. 6.6%, HR 0.683[0.601–0.776]), hospitalization (1.7% vs. 2.9%, HR 0.605[0.495–0.739]) and mortality (0.1% vs. 0.2%, HR 0.176[0.052–0.597]), respectively. Conclusions This study indicates a lower risk of all-cause ED visits, hospitalization, and mortality in the non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to the seasonal influenza group, supporting the current public health strategy of adjusting COVID-19 management based on approaches used for seasonal influenza.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10833-6COVID-19InfluenzaAmbulatoryOutpatientMortalityOutcome |
| spellingShingle | Wan-Hsuan Hsu Bo-Wen Shiau Ya-Wen Tsai Jheng-Yan Wu Ting-Hui Liu Po-Yu Huang Min-Hsiang Chuang Chih-Cheng Lai Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period BMC Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Influenza Ambulatory Outpatient Mortality Outcome |
| title | Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period |
| title_full | Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period |
| title_fullStr | Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period |
| title_full_unstemmed | Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period |
| title_short | Outcomes of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall-winter 2022–2023 period |
| title_sort | outcomes of non hospitalized patients with covid 19 versus seasonal influenza during the fall winter 2022 2023 period |
| topic | COVID-19 Influenza Ambulatory Outpatient Mortality Outcome |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10833-6 |
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