Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities
There are two major global morbidity and mortality problems in the health sector: inflammation, which is the physiological process that, in acute and chronic conditions, gradually causes the loss of the body’s functionality, leading to severe damage to health; and microbial diseases, which are cause...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Manasés González-Cortazar David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez Maribel Herrera-Ruiz Paulina Hernández-Hernández Alejandro Zamilpa Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer Beatriz E. Utrera-Hernández Ma. Dolores Pérez-García Ana S. Gutiérrez-Roman Ever A. Ble-González |
| author_facet | Manasés González-Cortazar David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez Maribel Herrera-Ruiz Paulina Hernández-Hernández Alejandro Zamilpa Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer Beatriz E. Utrera-Hernández Ma. Dolores Pérez-García Ana S. Gutiérrez-Roman Ever A. Ble-González |
| author_sort | Manasés González-Cortazar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There are two major global morbidity and mortality problems in the health sector: inflammation, which is the physiological process that, in acute and chronic conditions, gradually causes the loss of the body’s functionality, leading to severe damage to health; and microbial diseases, which are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of three extracts of mesquite (<i>Prosopis laevigata)</i>—<i>n</i>-hexane (PH), dichloromethane (PD), and methanol (PM)—were assessed in a mouse model of 12-<i>O</i>-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear oedema, and the antimicrobial effects against 14 microorganisms were assessed using the broth microdilution method. The extracts inhibited ear oedema by 60.81% (PH), 75.96% (PD), and 60.29% (PM). The most active anti-inflammatory extract (PD) was fractionated through chromatography, and three fractions (PDR3, PDR6, and PDR7) were evaluated. One of the most active fractions (PDR7) was purified via column chromatography, and ethyl veratrate (VE, <b>1</b>) was isolated and identified. VE inhibited ear oedema by 85.1%. The anti-inflammatory effect is evidenced by the quantification of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-α). The PD extract, the PDR7 fraction, and the compound present an IL-10 concentration of 11.8, 18.9, and 36.5 pg/mg of protein, values significantly higher than the group that received only phorbol ester (* <i>p</i> < 0.05). These treatments also significantly decreased the concentration of TNF-α (* <i>p</i> < 0.05) to 197.6, 241.9, and 247.0 pg/mg protein, respectively. The PM extract showed the most pronounced antimicrobial effect, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <12.5 µg/mL for almost all the 14 tested strains, followed by the PD and PH extracts. Chromatographic fractionation of the PM extract yielded the PMR6, PMR7, and PMR10 fractions that inhibited all tested microorganisms with a MIC between 6.25 and 200 µg/mL. Compound <b>1</b> was active on five strains, with a concentration between 2 and 8 µg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and comparison with commercial standards allowed for the identification of rutin (<b>2</b>) and quercetin 3-<i>O</i>-glucoside (<b>3</b>). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the PH and PD extracts allowed for the identification of fatty acids, terpenes, and phenols. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-0580842ebfef410e9d85cf68f99581ee2025-08-20T03:03:27ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-04-01147111810.3390/plants14071118Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial ActivitiesManasés González-Cortazar0David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez1Maribel Herrera-Ruiz2Paulina Hernández-Hernández3Alejandro Zamilpa4Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer5Beatriz E. Utrera-Hernández6Ma. Dolores Pérez-García7Ana S. Gutiérrez-Roman8Ever A. Ble-González9Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoDivisión Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduacán 86690, Tabasco, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoDivisión Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduacán 86690, Tabasco, MexicoThere are two major global morbidity and mortality problems in the health sector: inflammation, which is the physiological process that, in acute and chronic conditions, gradually causes the loss of the body’s functionality, leading to severe damage to health; and microbial diseases, which are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of three extracts of mesquite (<i>Prosopis laevigata)</i>—<i>n</i>-hexane (PH), dichloromethane (PD), and methanol (PM)—were assessed in a mouse model of 12-<i>O</i>-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear oedema, and the antimicrobial effects against 14 microorganisms were assessed using the broth microdilution method. The extracts inhibited ear oedema by 60.81% (PH), 75.96% (PD), and 60.29% (PM). The most active anti-inflammatory extract (PD) was fractionated through chromatography, and three fractions (PDR3, PDR6, and PDR7) were evaluated. One of the most active fractions (PDR7) was purified via column chromatography, and ethyl veratrate (VE, <b>1</b>) was isolated and identified. VE inhibited ear oedema by 85.1%. The anti-inflammatory effect is evidenced by the quantification of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-α). The PD extract, the PDR7 fraction, and the compound present an IL-10 concentration of 11.8, 18.9, and 36.5 pg/mg of protein, values significantly higher than the group that received only phorbol ester (* <i>p</i> < 0.05). These treatments also significantly decreased the concentration of TNF-α (* <i>p</i> < 0.05) to 197.6, 241.9, and 247.0 pg/mg protein, respectively. The PM extract showed the most pronounced antimicrobial effect, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <12.5 µg/mL for almost all the 14 tested strains, followed by the PD and PH extracts. Chromatographic fractionation of the PM extract yielded the PMR6, PMR7, and PMR10 fractions that inhibited all tested microorganisms with a MIC between 6.25 and 200 µg/mL. Compound <b>1</b> was active on five strains, with a concentration between 2 and 8 µg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and comparison with commercial standards allowed for the identification of rutin (<b>2</b>) and quercetin 3-<i>O</i>-glucoside (<b>3</b>). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the PH and PD extracts allowed for the identification of fatty acids, terpenes, and phenols.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/7/1118<i>Prosopis laevigata</i>inflammationantibacterialcytokinesethyl veratrate |
| spellingShingle | Manasés González-Cortazar David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez Maribel Herrera-Ruiz Paulina Hernández-Hernández Alejandro Zamilpa Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer Beatriz E. Utrera-Hernández Ma. Dolores Pérez-García Ana S. Gutiérrez-Roman Ever A. Ble-González Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities Plants <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> inflammation antibacterial cytokines ethyl veratrate |
| title | Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities |
| title_full | Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities |
| title_short | Chemical Profile Analysis of <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities |
| title_sort | chemical profile analysis of i prosopis laevigata i extracts and their topical anti inflammatory and antibacterial activities |
| topic | <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> inflammation antibacterial cytokines ethyl veratrate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/7/1118 |
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