Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance

Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis, ensuring a balanced immune response. Tregs primarily operate in an antigen-specific fashion, facilitated by their distinct distribution within discrete niches. Tregs have been studied extensively, from their point of o...

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Main Authors: Mahmoud Singer, Ahmed M. Elsayed, Mohamed I. Husseiny
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IMR Press 2024-11-01
Series:Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark
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Online Access:https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/29/11/10.31083/j.fbl2911377
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author Mahmoud Singer
Ahmed M. Elsayed
Mohamed I. Husseiny
author_facet Mahmoud Singer
Ahmed M. Elsayed
Mohamed I. Husseiny
author_sort Mahmoud Singer
collection DOAJ
description Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis, ensuring a balanced immune response. Tregs primarily operate in an antigen-specific fashion, facilitated by their distinct distribution within discrete niches. Tregs have been studied extensively, from their point of origin in the thymus origin to their fate in the periphery or organs. Signals received from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) stimulate Tregs to dampen inflammation. Almost all tumors are characterized by a pathological abundance of immune suppression in their microenvironment. Conversely, the lack thereof proves detrimental to immunological disorders. Achieving a balanced expression of Tregs in relation to other immune compartments is important in establishing an effective and adaptable immune tolerance towards cancer cells and autoantigens. In the context of cancer, it is essential to decrease the frequency of Tregs to overcome tumor suppression. A lower survival rate is associated with the presence of excessive exhausted effector immune cells and an increased frequency of regulatory cells. However, when it comes to treating graft rejection and autoimmune diseases, the focus lies on immune tolerance and the transfer of Tregs. Here, we explore the complex mechanisms that Tregs use in human disease to balance effector immune cells.
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spelling doaj-art-0566b8750ec242d485d627c42e883d022024-11-30T05:06:31ZengIMR PressFrontiers in Bioscience-Landmark2768-67012024-11-01291137710.31083/j.fbl2911377S2768-6701(24)01454-0Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune BalanceMahmoud Singer0Ahmed M. Elsayed1Mohamed I. Husseiny2School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USADivision of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USADepartment of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USARegulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis, ensuring a balanced immune response. Tregs primarily operate in an antigen-specific fashion, facilitated by their distinct distribution within discrete niches. Tregs have been studied extensively, from their point of origin in the thymus origin to their fate in the periphery or organs. Signals received from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) stimulate Tregs to dampen inflammation. Almost all tumors are characterized by a pathological abundance of immune suppression in their microenvironment. Conversely, the lack thereof proves detrimental to immunological disorders. Achieving a balanced expression of Tregs in relation to other immune compartments is important in establishing an effective and adaptable immune tolerance towards cancer cells and autoantigens. In the context of cancer, it is essential to decrease the frequency of Tregs to overcome tumor suppression. A lower survival rate is associated with the presence of excessive exhausted effector immune cells and an increased frequency of regulatory cells. However, when it comes to treating graft rejection and autoimmune diseases, the focus lies on immune tolerance and the transfer of Tregs. Here, we explore the complex mechanisms that Tregs use in human disease to balance effector immune cells.https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/29/11/10.31083/j.fbl2911377regulatory t-cells (tregs)immune imbalancefoxp3natural treg (ntreg)induced treg (itreg)thymic treg (ttreg)peripheral treg (ptreg)
spellingShingle Mahmoud Singer
Ahmed M. Elsayed
Mohamed I. Husseiny
Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance
Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark
regulatory t-cells (tregs)
immune imbalance
foxp3
natural treg (ntreg)
induced treg (itreg)
thymic treg (ttreg)
peripheral treg (ptreg)
title Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance
title_full Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance
title_fullStr Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance
title_full_unstemmed Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance
title_short Regulatory T-cells: The Face-off of the Immune Balance
title_sort regulatory t cells the face off of the immune balance
topic regulatory t-cells (tregs)
immune imbalance
foxp3
natural treg (ntreg)
induced treg (itreg)
thymic treg (ttreg)
peripheral treg (ptreg)
url https://www.imrpress.com/journal/FBL/29/11/10.31083/j.fbl2911377
work_keys_str_mv AT mahmoudsinger regulatorytcellsthefaceoffoftheimmunebalance
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AT mohamedihusseiny regulatorytcellsthefaceoffoftheimmunebalance