Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation

Casualties during emergency evacuations are often attributed to people’s panic-driven extreme behaviors rather than the accidents themselves. The propagation of panic is influenced by various factors. Based on the susceptible–infectious–recovered–susceptible (SIRS) model, a system dynamics (SD) mode...

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Main Authors: Yushan Li, Changchun Liu, Yi Yang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-12-01
Series:Journal of Safety Science and Resilience
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666449625000337
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author Yushan Li
Changchun Liu
Yi Yang
author_facet Yushan Li
Changchun Liu
Yi Yang
author_sort Yushan Li
collection DOAJ
description Casualties during emergency evacuations are often attributed to people’s panic-driven extreme behaviors rather than the accidents themselves. The propagation of panic is influenced by various factors. Based on the susceptible–infectious–recovered–susceptible (SIRS) model, a system dynamics (SD) model was developed using AnyLogic software to investigate the spread of panic emotions within a population. A case study focused on hospital emergency evacuations was conducted, wherein factors influencing panic propagation were divided into individual and group levels. The population was classified into three categories—staff, caregivers, and patients—and the effect of the ratio of these categories on evacuation efficiency was examined. Based on these classifications, an evacuation simulation experiment was conducted to examine the effects of panic emotions on evacuation efficiency. Results indicate that optimal hospital evacuation efficiency is achieved with a staff:caregiver:patient ratio of 2:2:1. The overall evacuation process is significantly impacted by panic, resulting in a 64 % increase in evacuation times when panic propagation is considered compared to scenarios where it is not. Furthermore, the initial 10 s following a disaster were identified as crucial for managing severe panic. Valuable insights for improving emergency evacuation management are provided by this study.
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spelling doaj-art-054e7399686f4f769c9d97e2d4ad312e2025-08-20T03:58:21ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Journal of Safety Science and Resilience2666-44962025-12-016410020710.1016/j.jnlssr.2025.03.001Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuationYushan Li0Changchun Liu1Yi Yang2School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Correspondence author.Casualties during emergency evacuations are often attributed to people’s panic-driven extreme behaviors rather than the accidents themselves. The propagation of panic is influenced by various factors. Based on the susceptible–infectious–recovered–susceptible (SIRS) model, a system dynamics (SD) model was developed using AnyLogic software to investigate the spread of panic emotions within a population. A case study focused on hospital emergency evacuations was conducted, wherein factors influencing panic propagation were divided into individual and group levels. The population was classified into three categories—staff, caregivers, and patients—and the effect of the ratio of these categories on evacuation efficiency was examined. Based on these classifications, an evacuation simulation experiment was conducted to examine the effects of panic emotions on evacuation efficiency. Results indicate that optimal hospital evacuation efficiency is achieved with a staff:caregiver:patient ratio of 2:2:1. The overall evacuation process is significantly impacted by panic, resulting in a 64 % increase in evacuation times when panic propagation is considered compared to scenarios where it is not. Furthermore, the initial 10 s following a disaster were identified as crucial for managing severe panic. Valuable insights for improving emergency evacuation management are provided by this study.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666449625000337Panic propagationEvacuation simulationSystem dynamicsPersonnel categories
spellingShingle Yushan Li
Changchun Liu
Yi Yang
Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
Journal of Safety Science and Resilience
Panic propagation
Evacuation simulation
System dynamics
Personnel categories
title Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
title_full Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
title_fullStr Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
title_full_unstemmed Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
title_short Studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
title_sort studying the dynamics of crowd panic propagation during emergency evacuation
topic Panic propagation
Evacuation simulation
System dynamics
Personnel categories
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666449625000337
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AT changchunliu studyingthedynamicsofcrowdpanicpropagationduringemergencyevacuation
AT yiyang studyingthedynamicsofcrowdpanicpropagationduringemergencyevacuation