THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and th...
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2020-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4 |
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| author | Avery E. Broderick Roman Gold Mansour Karami Jorge A. Preciado-López Paul Tiede Hung-Yi Pu Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi José L. Gómez Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Rocco Lico Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Helge Rottmann Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Efthalia Traianou Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu Doosoo Yoon André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |
| author_facet | Avery E. Broderick Roman Gold Mansour Karami Jorge A. Preciado-López Paul Tiede Hung-Yi Pu Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi José L. Gómez Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Rocco Lico Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Helge Rottmann Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Efthalia Traianou Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu Doosoo Yoon André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |
| author_sort | Avery E. Broderick |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, Themis , which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of Themis , how Themis has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by Themis that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that Themis is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. Themis has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-054e098052144fd28fbb0907131d100b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-054e098052144fd28fbb0907131d100b2025-08-20T02:55:09ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572020-01-01897213910.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon TelescopeAvery E. Broderick0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-760XRoman Gold1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-1966Mansour Karami2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-9333Jorge A. Preciado-López3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-0113Paul Tiede4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-5648Hung-Yi Pu5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-8812Kazunori Akiyama6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-4254Antxon Alberdi7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-1033Walter Alef8Keiichi Asada9Rebecca Azulay10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-5393Anne-Kathrin Baczko11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-3975Mislav Baloković12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-6647John Barrett13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9290-0764Dan Bintley14Lindy Blackburn15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-642XWilfred Boland16Katherine L. Bouman17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-4367Geoffrey C. Bower18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-9982Michael Bremer19Christiaan D. Brinkerink20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-0749Roger Brissenden21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-0894Silke Britzen22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-6734Dominique Broguiere23Thomas Bronzwaer24https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-3971Do-Young Byun25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-4109John E. Carlstrom26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2044-7665Andrew Chael27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-6220Shami Chatterjee28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-1502Koushik Chatterjee29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-3590Ming-Tang Chen30https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-3318Yongjun Chen31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-6770Ilje Cho32https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-7521John E. Conway33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-9181James M. Cordes34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-1882Geoffrey B. Crew35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-3189Yuzhu Cui36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-4345Jordy Davelaar37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-2434Mariafelicia De Laurentis38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9945-682XRoger Deane39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1027-5043Jessica Dempsey40https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-9667Gregory Desvignes41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-4055Sheperd S. Doeleman42https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-0904Ralph P. Eatough43https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-4135Heino Falcke44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-6724Vincent L. Fish45https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-9345Ed Fomalont46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9036-2747Raquel Fraga-Encinas47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1361Per Friberg48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8010-8454Christian M. Fromm49https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-1656Peter Galison50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6429-3872Charles F. Gammie51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-8935Roberto García52https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-7443Olivier Gentaz53Boris Georgiev54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3586-6424Ciriaco Goddi55https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-7743José L. Gómez56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-7613Minfeng Gu57https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-6946Mark Gurwell58https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3621Kazuhiro Hada59https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-772XMichael H. Hecht60Ronald Hesper61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-6098Luis C. Ho62https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5846Paul Ho63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-4306Mareki Honma64https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-9000Chih-Wei L. Huang65Lei Huang66https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1923-227XDavid H. Hughes67Makoto Inoue68https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5037-3989Sara Issaoun69https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-921XDavid J. James70https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-4486Michael Janssen71https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-6544Britton Jeter72https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-1712Wu Jiang73https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7369-3539Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales74https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-3754Michael D. Johnson75https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-3029Svetlana Jorstad76https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-1708Taehyun Jung77https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-8643Ramesh Karuppusamy78https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-2919Tomohisa Kawashima79https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8527-0496Garrett K. Keating80https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-146XMark Kettenis81https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6156-5617Jae-Young Kim82https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-7183Jongsoo Kim83https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1229-0426Motoki Kino84https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-7338Jun Yi Koay85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-6658Patrick M. Koch86https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-5861Shoko Koyama87https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3723-3372Michael Kramer88https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-2271Carsten Kramer89https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-4925Thomas P. Krichbaum90https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-9586Cheng-Yu Kuo91https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-5581Sang-Sung Lee92https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-594XYan-Rong Li93https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-9179Zhiyuan Li94https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-6437Michael Lindqvist95https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-0715Rocco Lico96https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2460Kuo Liu97https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-7376Elisabetta Liuzzo98https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-5201Wen-Ping Lo99https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-2503Andrei P. Lobanov100https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-1484Laurent Loinard101https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-3345Colin Lonsdale102https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4062-4654Ru-Sen Lu103https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7692-7967Nicholas R. MacDonald104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-8691Jirong Mao105https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-7195Alan P. Marscher106https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-3332Iván Martí-Vidal107https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-9611Satoki Matsushita108Lynn D. Matthews109https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-8082Karl M. Menten110https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-0669Yosuke Mizuno111https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-6730Izumi Mizuno112https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-6264James M. Moran113https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-4414Kotaro Moriyama114https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-3761Monika Moscibrodzka115https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-6332Cornelia Müller116https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-2994Hiroshi Nagai117https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-3645Neil M. Nagar118https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6920-662XMasanori Nakamura119https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-2420Ramesh Narayan120https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-2730Gopal Narayanan121https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-6569Iniyan Natarajan122https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-4373Roberto Neri123https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7176-4046Chunchong Ni124https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-5699Aristeidis Noutsos125Hiroki Okino126https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-2016Héctor Olivares127https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-7580Gisela N. Ortiz-León128https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-676XTomoaki Oyama129https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-2923Daniel C. M. Palumbo130https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-3816Jongho Park131https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6558-9053Ue-Li Pen132https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-9578Dominic W. Pesce133https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5278-9221Vincent Piétu134Richard Plambeck135https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-9609Aleksandar PopStefanija136Oliver Porth137https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-2557Ben Prather138https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0393-7734Venkatessh Ramakrishnan139https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-086XRamprasad Rao140https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-7944Mark G. Rawlings141https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-202XAlexander W. Raymond142https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5779-4767Luciano Rezzolla143https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1330-7103Bart Ripperda144https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-3908Freek Roelofs145https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-3687Alan Rogers146https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-7458Eduardo Ros147https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-4892Mel Rose148https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2016-8746Helge Rottmann149https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1799-8228Chet Ruszczyk150https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-9707Benjamin R. Ryan151https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4461Kazi L. J. Rygl152https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4146-9043Salvador Sánchez153https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-5951David Sánchez-Arguelles154https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-9920Mahito Sasada155https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9960Tuomas Savolainen156https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6214-1085F. Peter Schloerb157Karl-Friedrich Schuster158https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-9454Lijing Shao159https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-8853Zhiqiang Shen160https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3540-8746Des Small161https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3723-5404Bong Won Sohn162https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-8378Jason SooHoo163https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-0720Fumie Tazaki164https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-0600Remo P. J. Tilanus165https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-553XMichael Titus166https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-3275Kenji Toma167https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-6010Pablo Torne168https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-6058Efthalia Traianou169https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-6500Sascha Trippe170https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0465-1559Shuichiro Tsuda171Ilse van Bemmel172https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-2950Huib Jan van Langevelde173https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-5946Daniel R. van Rossum174https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-6131Jan Wagner175https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-6109John Wardle176https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-2942Jonathan Weintroub177https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-5204Norbert Wex178https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-2837Robert Wharton179https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-5209Maciek Wielgus180https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-4242George N. Wong181https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-2147Qingwen Wu182https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-4987Doosoo Yoon183https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-8166André Young184https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-2682Ken Young185https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4920Ziri Younsi186https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-1191Feng Yuan187https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-6437Ye-Fei Yuan188https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-4756J. Anton Zensus189https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-3321Guangyao Zhao190https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-1659Shan-Shan Zhao191https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-3606Ziyan Zhu192https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4463-5828The Event Horizon Telescope CollaborationPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.caPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.caNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València , C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAEast Asian Observatory , 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USANederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of ChinaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini,” Universitá di Napoli “Federico II,” Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo , Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Physics, University of Pretoria , Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaEast Asian Observatory , 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsEast Asian Observatory , 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of History of Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FrancePerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. 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Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Giessenbachstr. 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University , Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets,198504 St.Petersburg, Russia; Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering , Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.CKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKey Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C; Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , No.1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, México; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CdMx 04510, MéxicoMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyCenter for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650011 Kunming, People's Republic of ChinaInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USADepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València , C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, SpainInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyEast Asian Observatory , 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USACentre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FrancePerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada ; abroderick@perimeterinstitute.ca; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , 180 Dundas Street West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, CanadaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRadio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAEast Asian Observatory , 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USACCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USAItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica , IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología , Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, MéxicoMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Aalto University , Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique , 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of ChinaJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University , Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of KoreaMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAFrontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica , IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, Brandeis University , 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USASchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of ChinaAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UKShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of ChinaAstronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People's Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics , Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAThe Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, Themis , which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of Themis , how Themis has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by Themis that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that Themis is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. Themis has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4Astrophysical black holesGalactic centerAstronomy data analysisVery long baseline interferometrySubmillimeter astronomy |
| spellingShingle | Avery E. Broderick Roman Gold Mansour Karami Jorge A. Preciado-López Paul Tiede Hung-Yi Pu Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi José L. Gómez Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Rocco Lico Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Helge Rottmann Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Efthalia Traianou Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu Doosoo Yoon André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope The Astrophysical Journal Astrophysical black holes Galactic center Astronomy data analysis Very long baseline interferometry Submillimeter astronomy |
| title | THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope |
| title_full | THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope |
| title_fullStr | THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope |
| title_full_unstemmed | THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope |
| title_short | THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope |
| title_sort | themis a parameter estimation framework for the event horizon telescope |
| topic | Astrophysical black holes Galactic center Astronomy data analysis Very long baseline interferometry Submillimeter astronomy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4 |
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themisaparameterestimationframeworkfortheeventhorizontelescope |