COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a severe respiratory syndrome caused by a novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), became a global public health concern and was declared a pandemic by WHO. The associations between smoking and COVID-19 infection and the outcomes were ambi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Hawler Medical University
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ejnm.hmu.edu.krd/index.php/ejnm/article/view/307 |
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| _version_ | 1849329065920561152 |
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| author | Kareem Jamal Hamad Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil |
| author_facet | Kareem Jamal Hamad Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil |
| author_sort | Kareem Jamal Hamad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a severe respiratory syndrome caused by a novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), became a global public health concern and was declared a pandemic by WHO. The associations between smoking and COVID-19 infection and the outcomes were ambiguous. This study aimed to determine the associations of self-reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 among smokers and to compare it with the rate among non-smokers in Erbil City.
Methods: This cross-sectional house survey was conducted between September 2021 and June 2022 through a multi-stage cluster sampling method on a sample of 2601 respondents in Erbil city through direct interviews using a specially designed questionnaire to collect data.
Results: The mean age was 38.75 + 13.79 years (range 18 to 76 years). More than half (58.9%) of the sample were males. The proportion of current daily smokers was 44.3%, and 33.2% were those who had never smoked before. 17.5% of the sample were infected by the COVID-19 virus during the pandemic. There was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of COVID-19 and the age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation, smoking status, and socioeconomic level of participants.
Conclusion: The occurrence of COVID-19 among smokers was significantly higher than among non-smokers. A statistically significant association was found between self-reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation, smoking status, and socioeconomic level of participants.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-04e4c718c1de4a548782544c71f56fc0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2523-0271 2617-183X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Hawler Medical University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery |
| spelling | doaj-art-04e4c718c1de4a548782544c71f56fc02025-08-20T03:47:23ZengHawler Medical UniversityErbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery2523-02712617-183X2025-05-018110.15218/ejnm.2025.04COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, IraqKareem Jamal Hamad0Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil 1Department of Nursing, Soran Technical College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, IraqDepartment of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a severe respiratory syndrome caused by a novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), became a global public health concern and was declared a pandemic by WHO. The associations between smoking and COVID-19 infection and the outcomes were ambiguous. This study aimed to determine the associations of self-reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 among smokers and to compare it with the rate among non-smokers in Erbil City. Methods: This cross-sectional house survey was conducted between September 2021 and June 2022 through a multi-stage cluster sampling method on a sample of 2601 respondents in Erbil city through direct interviews using a specially designed questionnaire to collect data. Results: The mean age was 38.75 + 13.79 years (range 18 to 76 years). More than half (58.9%) of the sample were males. The proportion of current daily smokers was 44.3%, and 33.2% were those who had never smoked before. 17.5% of the sample were infected by the COVID-19 virus during the pandemic. There was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of COVID-19 and the age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation, smoking status, and socioeconomic level of participants. Conclusion: The occurrence of COVID-19 among smokers was significantly higher than among non-smokers. A statistically significant association was found between self-reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the age, gender, marital status, education level, occupation, smoking status, and socioeconomic level of participants. https://ejnm.hmu.edu.krd/index.php/ejnm/article/view/307SmokingHouseholdSurveyCOVID-19Non-smokers |
| spellingShingle | Kareem Jamal Hamad Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Smoking Household Survey COVID-19 Non-smokers |
| title | COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq |
| title_full | COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq |
| title_short | COVID-19 among Smokers and Non-smokers in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq |
| title_sort | covid 19 among smokers and non smokers in erbil city kurdistan region iraq |
| topic | Smoking Household Survey COVID-19 Non-smokers |
| url | https://ejnm.hmu.edu.krd/index.php/ejnm/article/view/307 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kareemjamalhamad covid19amongsmokersandnonsmokersinerbilcitykurdistanregioniraq AT namirghanimaltawil covid19amongsmokersandnonsmokersinerbilcitykurdistanregioniraq |