Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations

Traffic signal control plays a pivotal role in intelligent transportation systems, directly affecting urban mobility, congestion mitigation, and environmental sustainability. As traffic networks become more dynamic and complex, traditional strategies such as fixed-time and actuated control increasin...

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Main Authors: Panagiotis Michailidis, Iakovos Michailidis, Charalampos Rafail Lazaridis, Elias Kosmatopoulos
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Infrastructures
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/5/114
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author Panagiotis Michailidis
Iakovos Michailidis
Charalampos Rafail Lazaridis
Elias Kosmatopoulos
author_facet Panagiotis Michailidis
Iakovos Michailidis
Charalampos Rafail Lazaridis
Elias Kosmatopoulos
author_sort Panagiotis Michailidis
collection DOAJ
description Traffic signal control plays a pivotal role in intelligent transportation systems, directly affecting urban mobility, congestion mitigation, and environmental sustainability. As traffic networks become more dynamic and complex, traditional strategies such as fixed-time and actuated control increasingly fall short in addressing real-time variability. In response, adaptive signal control—powered predominantly by reinforcement learning—has emerged as a promising data-driven solution for optimizing signal operations in evolving traffic environments. The current review presents a comprehensive analysis of high-impact reinforcement-learning-based traffic signal control methods, evaluating their contributions across numerous key dimensions: methodology type, multi-agent architectures, reward design, performance evaluation, baseline comparison, network scale, practical applicability, and simulation platforms. Through a systematic examination of the most influential studies, the review identifies dominant trends, unresolved challenges, and strategic directions for future research. The findings underscore the transformative potential of RL in enabling intelligent, responsive, and sustainable traffic management systems, marking a significant shift toward next-generation urban mobility solutions.
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id doaj-art-04cf2127e1ef4bdbb2dd3899d5e07215
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issn 2412-3811
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spelling doaj-art-04cf2127e1ef4bdbb2dd3899d5e072152025-08-20T01:56:31ZengMDPI AGInfrastructures2412-38112025-05-0110511410.3390/infrastructures10050114Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and InnovationsPanagiotis Michailidis0Iakovos Michailidis1Charalampos Rafail Lazaridis2Elias Kosmatopoulos3Center for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceCenter for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceCenter for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceCenter for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceTraffic signal control plays a pivotal role in intelligent transportation systems, directly affecting urban mobility, congestion mitigation, and environmental sustainability. As traffic networks become more dynamic and complex, traditional strategies such as fixed-time and actuated control increasingly fall short in addressing real-time variability. In response, adaptive signal control—powered predominantly by reinforcement learning—has emerged as a promising data-driven solution for optimizing signal operations in evolving traffic environments. The current review presents a comprehensive analysis of high-impact reinforcement-learning-based traffic signal control methods, evaluating their contributions across numerous key dimensions: methodology type, multi-agent architectures, reward design, performance evaluation, baseline comparison, network scale, practical applicability, and simulation platforms. Through a systematic examination of the most influential studies, the review identifies dominant trends, unresolved challenges, and strategic directions for future research. The findings underscore the transformative potential of RL in enabling intelligent, responsive, and sustainable traffic management systems, marking a significant shift toward next-generation urban mobility solutions.https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/5/114reinforcement learningtraffic managementtraffic signal controladaptive controlmodel-free controlintelligent transportation
spellingShingle Panagiotis Michailidis
Iakovos Michailidis
Charalampos Rafail Lazaridis
Elias Kosmatopoulos
Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations
Infrastructures
reinforcement learning
traffic management
traffic signal control
adaptive control
model-free control
intelligent transportation
title Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations
title_full Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations
title_fullStr Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations
title_full_unstemmed Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations
title_short Traffic Signal Control via Reinforcement Learning: A Review on Applications and Innovations
title_sort traffic signal control via reinforcement learning a review on applications and innovations
topic reinforcement learning
traffic management
traffic signal control
adaptive control
model-free control
intelligent transportation
url https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/5/114
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AT eliaskosmatopoulos trafficsignalcontrolviareinforcementlearningareviewonapplicationsandinnovations