Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation
Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>) is a tropical vegetable with high nutritional and economic value. Rich in fiber, vitamins (C, K, and B9), and minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and iron), it contributes to food security in many tropical regions. Global production is estimated...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Yao Hervé Yao Banah Florent Degni Pascal Dupuis Laurent Canale Arouna Khalil Fanny Cissé Théodore Haba Georges Zissis |
| author_facet | Yao Hervé Yao Banah Florent Degni Pascal Dupuis Laurent Canale Arouna Khalil Fanny Cissé Théodore Haba Georges Zissis |
| author_sort | Yao Hervé Yao |
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| description | Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>) is a tropical vegetable with high nutritional and economic value. Rich in fiber, vitamins (C, K, and B9), and minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and iron), it contributes to food security in many tropical regions. Global production is estimated at 11.5 million tons in 2023, 62% of which will come from India. Nigeria, Mali, Sudan, Pakistan, and Côte d’Ivoire are also among the major producers. Given its economic importance, optimizing its growth through controlled methods such as greenhouse cultivation and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting is a strategic challenge. Energy-efficient LED horticultural lighting offers promising prospects, but each plant variety reacts differently depending on the light spectrum, intensity, and duration of exposure (photoperiod). This study evaluated the effects of different LED spectra on okra’s flowering after 30 days of growth using B (blue, 445 nm) and R (red, 660 nm) LED lights and red-blue alternating in a three-day cycle (R3B3) by alternating the photoperiod from 14 to 10 h. Outdoor and greenhouse conditions served as controls. The results show that the R3B3 treatment improves germination in terms of both speed and percentage. However, plant growth (height, stem diameter, and leaf area) remains higher in the control group. R3B3 and red light stimulate leaf and node development. Flowering occurs earlier in the control group (51 days) and later under LED, particularly blue (73 days). Fruit diameter after petal fall was also larger in the control group. These results confirm the sensitivity of okra to photoperiod and light quality, and highlight the potential of spectral and photoperiod manipulation to regulate flowering in controlled-environment agriculture. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj-art-049fc438c05f43ec82221c8ce44ef8ca2025-08-20T01:56:24ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242025-05-0111554810.3390/horticulturae11050548Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their AlternationYao Hervé Yao0Banah Florent Degni1Pascal Dupuis2Laurent Canale3Arouna Khalil Fanny4Cissé Théodore Haba5Georges Zissis6Laboratory of Electronics, Electrical and Embedded Systems Engineering (LIEESE), National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphouët Boigny (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro BP 1093, Côte d’IvoireLaboratory of Electronics, Electrical and Embedded Systems Engineering (LIEESE), National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphouët Boigny (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro BP 1093, Côte d’IvoireUniversity of Toulouse, LAPLACE, UMR 5213, 31000 Toulouse, FranceFrench National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), LAPLACE, UMR 5213, 31000 Toulouse, FranceLaboratory of Electronics, Electrical and Embedded Systems Engineering (LIEESE), National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphouët Boigny (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro BP 1093, Côte d’IvoireLaboratory of Electronics, Electrical and Embedded Systems Engineering (LIEESE), National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphouët Boigny (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro BP 1093, Côte d’IvoireUniversity of Toulouse, LAPLACE, UMR 5213, 31000 Toulouse, FranceOkra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>) is a tropical vegetable with high nutritional and economic value. Rich in fiber, vitamins (C, K, and B9), and minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and iron), it contributes to food security in many tropical regions. Global production is estimated at 11.5 million tons in 2023, 62% of which will come from India. Nigeria, Mali, Sudan, Pakistan, and Côte d’Ivoire are also among the major producers. Given its economic importance, optimizing its growth through controlled methods such as greenhouse cultivation and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting is a strategic challenge. Energy-efficient LED horticultural lighting offers promising prospects, but each plant variety reacts differently depending on the light spectrum, intensity, and duration of exposure (photoperiod). This study evaluated the effects of different LED spectra on okra’s flowering after 30 days of growth using B (blue, 445 nm) and R (red, 660 nm) LED lights and red-blue alternating in a three-day cycle (R3B3) by alternating the photoperiod from 14 to 10 h. Outdoor and greenhouse conditions served as controls. The results show that the R3B3 treatment improves germination in terms of both speed and percentage. However, plant growth (height, stem diameter, and leaf area) remains higher in the control group. R3B3 and red light stimulate leaf and node development. Flowering occurs earlier in the control group (51 days) and later under LED, particularly blue (73 days). Fruit diameter after petal fall was also larger in the control group. These results confirm the sensitivity of okra to photoperiod and light quality, and highlight the potential of spectral and photoperiod manipulation to regulate flowering in controlled-environment agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/5/548horticultural LED lightinggerminationokra growthphotoperiodic floweringalternating red-blue LED lightZigbee protocol |
| spellingShingle | Yao Hervé Yao Banah Florent Degni Pascal Dupuis Laurent Canale Arouna Khalil Fanny Cissé Théodore Haba Georges Zissis Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation Horticulturae horticultural LED lighting germination okra growth photoperiodic flowering alternating red-blue LED light Zigbee protocol |
| title | Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation |
| title_full | Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation |
| title_fullStr | Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation |
| title_short | Growth and Floral Induction in Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> L.) Under Blue and Red LED Light and Their Alternation |
| title_sort | growth and floral induction in okra i abelmoschus esculentus i l under blue and red led light and their alternation |
| topic | horticultural LED lighting germination okra growth photoperiodic flowering alternating red-blue LED light Zigbee protocol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/5/548 |
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