Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types
Snake envenomation is recognized as a neglected tropical disease, contributing to high mortality rates and causing significant organ damage, particularly to the liver, kidneys, and brain. The primary treatment involves administering antivenom, which consists of polyclonal antibodies developed agains...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137025000500 |
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| author | Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana Nitin Salvi M.V. Khadilkar Tarun Kumar Sharma |
| author_facet | Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana Nitin Salvi M.V. Khadilkar Tarun Kumar Sharma |
| author_sort | Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Snake envenomation is recognized as a neglected tropical disease, contributing to high mortality rates and causing significant organ damage, particularly to the liver, kidneys, and brain. The primary treatment involves administering antivenom, which consists of polyclonal antibodies developed against various snake venoms. However, antivenom therapy can lead to serum-related complications, reducing its effectiveness. Therefore, targeting specific therapeutic molecules could significantly improve snake envenomation treatment. Identifying the snake species is a major challenge due to their similar morphological characteristics. Globally, only two snake venom diagnostic kits are available that have been developed to detect country-specific snake venom. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic assays tailored for detecting venom specific to India. To address this, the current study focuses on detecting functional enzyme components of venomous snake species, such as phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, and proteases. The study is based on the loading of the dye-loaded stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, including liposomes (sensitive to phospholipase A2), hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles (sensitive to hyaluronidase), and casein nanoparticles (sensitive to proteases) into paper-based microfluidics and tested with various snake venoms. The device successfully detects and distinguishes between wet bites and dry bites, as well as viper and elapid species. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-046533c44e6c480cb53fa5361db79a06 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2590-1370 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X |
| spelling | doaj-art-046533c44e6c480cb53fa5361db79a062025-08-20T02:56:03ZengElsevierBiosensors and Bioelectronics: X2590-13702025-09-012510062310.1016/j.biosx.2025.100623Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom typesLakshmi Narashimhan Ramana0Nitin Salvi1M.V. Khadilkar2Tarun Kumar Sharma3Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jain (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India; Corresponding author.Premium Serums and Vaccines Pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra, 410504, IndiaPremium Serums and Vaccines Pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra, 410504, IndiaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, GIFT City, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat, 382355, India; Corresponding author. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, GIFT City, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat, 382355, IndiaSnake envenomation is recognized as a neglected tropical disease, contributing to high mortality rates and causing significant organ damage, particularly to the liver, kidneys, and brain. The primary treatment involves administering antivenom, which consists of polyclonal antibodies developed against various snake venoms. However, antivenom therapy can lead to serum-related complications, reducing its effectiveness. Therefore, targeting specific therapeutic molecules could significantly improve snake envenomation treatment. Identifying the snake species is a major challenge due to their similar morphological characteristics. Globally, only two snake venom diagnostic kits are available that have been developed to detect country-specific snake venom. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic assays tailored for detecting venom specific to India. To address this, the current study focuses on detecting functional enzyme components of venomous snake species, such as phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, and proteases. The study is based on the loading of the dye-loaded stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, including liposomes (sensitive to phospholipase A2), hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles (sensitive to hyaluronidase), and casein nanoparticles (sensitive to proteases) into paper-based microfluidics and tested with various snake venoms. The device successfully detects and distinguishes between wet bites and dry bites, as well as viper and elapid species.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137025000500Snake biteStimuli-responsive nanoparticlesVenomPaper-based microfluidicsDiagnostics |
| spellingShingle | Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana Nitin Salvi M.V. Khadilkar Tarun Kumar Sharma Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X Snake bite Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles Venom Paper-based microfluidics Diagnostics |
| title | Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types |
| title_full | Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types |
| title_fullStr | Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types |
| title_short | Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types |
| title_sort | nanotechnology based paper microfluidics for rapid point of care detection and differentiation of snake venom types |
| topic | Snake bite Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles Venom Paper-based microfluidics Diagnostics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137025000500 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lakshminarashimhanramana nanotechnologybasedpapermicrofluidicsforrapidpointofcaredetectionanddifferentiationofsnakevenomtypes AT nitinsalvi nanotechnologybasedpapermicrofluidicsforrapidpointofcaredetectionanddifferentiationofsnakevenomtypes AT mvkhadilkar nanotechnologybasedpapermicrofluidicsforrapidpointofcaredetectionanddifferentiationofsnakevenomtypes AT tarunkumarsharma nanotechnologybasedpapermicrofluidicsforrapidpointofcaredetectionanddifferentiationofsnakevenomtypes |