The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of smoking in patients who suffered from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) graft rupture. It was hypothesised that there would be no difference in the ACLR graft rupture rates between smokers and non‐smokers. Metho...

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Main Author: W. P. Yau
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-04-01
Series:Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/jeo2.70237
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author W. P. Yau
author_facet W. P. Yau
author_sort W. P. Yau
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description Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of smoking in patients who suffered from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) graft rupture. It was hypothesised that there would be no difference in the ACLR graft rupture rates between smokers and non‐smokers. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent primary ACLR using hamstring autograft at the author's institute between 2007 and 2021. Patients with unknown smoking status were excluded. All included patients received post‐operative magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of graft integrity. The rate of graft rupture was reported. A case–control study was performed to determine the relationship between smoking and ACLR graft rupture by matching age, sex, chronicity of tear, diameter and type of ACLR graft, Grade 3 pivot‐shift, type of ACLR and concomitant anterolateral ligament reconstruction between smokers and non‐smokers. Results A total of 495 primary ACLRs were included. The patients were aged 27.2 ± 8.2 years. There were 397 men and 98 women, with a smoking rate of 20%. The average follow‐up was 78 ± 48 months. 16.2% of smokers, compared to 10.1% of non‐smokers, suffered from graft rupture. The median yearly rate of graft rupture was 2 per 100 ACLRs (interquartile range [IQR] = 2.4) for smokers, compared to 1 per 100 ACLRs (IQR = 0.6) for non‐smokers. One hundred seventy‐two patients were matched. Smokers were found to have a higher risk of suffering from graft rupture compared to non‐smokers in the case–control matching analysis (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–6.63). Conclusion In a cohort of 495 primary ACLRs operated using hamstring autograft with a 20% smoking rate, the rates of ACLR graft rupture and revision ACLR at a mean follow‐up of 6.5 ± 4 years were 11.3% and 8.3%, respectively. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of graft rupture in a case–control matching subgroup analysis. Level of Evidence Level IV.
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spelling doaj-art-0411fa804aef462b9699c41497bfec1a2025-08-20T03:46:58ZengWileyJournal of Experimental Orthopaedics2197-11532025-04-01122n/an/a10.1002/jeo2.70237The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft ruptureW. P. Yau0Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR ChinaAbstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of smoking in patients who suffered from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) graft rupture. It was hypothesised that there would be no difference in the ACLR graft rupture rates between smokers and non‐smokers. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent primary ACLR using hamstring autograft at the author's institute between 2007 and 2021. Patients with unknown smoking status were excluded. All included patients received post‐operative magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of graft integrity. The rate of graft rupture was reported. A case–control study was performed to determine the relationship between smoking and ACLR graft rupture by matching age, sex, chronicity of tear, diameter and type of ACLR graft, Grade 3 pivot‐shift, type of ACLR and concomitant anterolateral ligament reconstruction between smokers and non‐smokers. Results A total of 495 primary ACLRs were included. The patients were aged 27.2 ± 8.2 years. There were 397 men and 98 women, with a smoking rate of 20%. The average follow‐up was 78 ± 48 months. 16.2% of smokers, compared to 10.1% of non‐smokers, suffered from graft rupture. The median yearly rate of graft rupture was 2 per 100 ACLRs (interquartile range [IQR] = 2.4) for smokers, compared to 1 per 100 ACLRs (IQR = 0.6) for non‐smokers. One hundred seventy‐two patients were matched. Smokers were found to have a higher risk of suffering from graft rupture compared to non‐smokers in the case–control matching analysis (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–6.63). Conclusion In a cohort of 495 primary ACLRs operated using hamstring autograft with a 20% smoking rate, the rates of ACLR graft rupture and revision ACLR at a mean follow‐up of 6.5 ± 4 years were 11.3% and 8.3%, respectively. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of graft rupture in a case–control matching subgroup analysis. Level of Evidence Level IV.https://doi.org/10.1002/jeo2.70237ACLRgraft rupturesmoking
spellingShingle W. P. Yau
The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture
Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
ACLR
graft rupture
smoking
title The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture
title_full The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture
title_fullStr The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture
title_full_unstemmed The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture
title_short The rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from ACLR graft rupture
title_sort rate of smoking in patients who have suffered from aclr graft rupture
topic ACLR
graft rupture
smoking
url https://doi.org/10.1002/jeo2.70237
work_keys_str_mv AT wpyau therateofsmokinginpatientswhohavesufferedfromaclrgraftrupture
AT wpyau rateofsmokinginpatientswhohavesufferedfromaclrgraftrupture