Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers
Cold stress disrupts broiler homeostasis, and a single intervention may be insufficient for protection. This study examined the effects of early cold conditioning (25 ± 1 °C for 3 h at 5 days) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on broiler thermotolerance during a 16 ± 1 °C cold challenge at 35 days...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Hanan Al-Khalaifah Samar A. Tolba Afaf Al-Nasser Ahmed Gouda |
| author_facet | Hanan Al-Khalaifah Samar A. Tolba Afaf Al-Nasser Ahmed Gouda |
| author_sort | Hanan Al-Khalaifah |
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| description | Cold stress disrupts broiler homeostasis, and a single intervention may be insufficient for protection. This study examined the effects of early cold conditioning (25 ± 1 °C for 3 h at 5 days) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on broiler thermotolerance during a 16 ± 1 °C cold challenge at 35 days. A 2 × 3 factorial design assigned 360 Cobb-500 broilers to six treatments (six replicates/treatment, ten birds/replicate) with three Gln levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) and two temperature conditions: standard temperature and a 7 °C reduction at 5 days old. Supplementing with 0.3% and 0.5% Gln and cold conditioning improved growth performance (<i>p</i> < 0.05), except for feed intake during the grower-finisher phase and overall growth with cold conditioning alone. Adding 0.3% and 0.5% Gln enhanced hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>), thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>), antioxidant capacity, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin 2 (IL2), IL10, IL4, interferon-γ (INF-γ), and troponin-T levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Cold conditioning influenced packed cell volume, T<sub>3</sub>, T<sub>4</sub>, CAT, HSP70, IL10, INF-γ, and troponin-T levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Diet-temperature interaction influenced growth, antioxidant, and immune responses, but not hematological or biochemical indicators. Overall, dietary Gln at 0.3% and 0.5% and early cold conditioning may serve as complementary strategies to mitigate cold stress in broilers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-03d7b2964a3e464182a721ee86bd92d5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-03d7b2964a3e464182a721ee86bd92d52025-08-20T03:47:48ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-05-011510138610.3390/ani15101386Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in BroilersHanan Al-Khalaifah0Samar A. Tolba1Afaf Al-Nasser2Ahmed Gouda3Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait City 13109, KuwaitDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, EgyptEnvironment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait City 13109, KuwaitDepartment of Animal Production, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, EgyptCold stress disrupts broiler homeostasis, and a single intervention may be insufficient for protection. This study examined the effects of early cold conditioning (25 ± 1 °C for 3 h at 5 days) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on broiler thermotolerance during a 16 ± 1 °C cold challenge at 35 days. A 2 × 3 factorial design assigned 360 Cobb-500 broilers to six treatments (six replicates/treatment, ten birds/replicate) with three Gln levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) and two temperature conditions: standard temperature and a 7 °C reduction at 5 days old. Supplementing with 0.3% and 0.5% Gln and cold conditioning improved growth performance (<i>p</i> < 0.05), except for feed intake during the grower-finisher phase and overall growth with cold conditioning alone. Adding 0.3% and 0.5% Gln enhanced hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>), thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>), antioxidant capacity, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin 2 (IL2), IL10, IL4, interferon-γ (INF-γ), and troponin-T levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Cold conditioning influenced packed cell volume, T<sub>3</sub>, T<sub>4</sub>, CAT, HSP70, IL10, INF-γ, and troponin-T levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Diet-temperature interaction influenced growth, antioxidant, and immune responses, but not hematological or biochemical indicators. Overall, dietary Gln at 0.3% and 0.5% and early cold conditioning may serve as complementary strategies to mitigate cold stress in broilers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/10/1386antioxidant activitybroilerscold conditioningglutamineimmunity |
| spellingShingle | Hanan Al-Khalaifah Samar A. Tolba Afaf Al-Nasser Ahmed Gouda Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers Animals antioxidant activity broilers cold conditioning glutamine immunity |
| title | Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers |
| title_full | Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers |
| title_short | Effects of Glutamine Supplementation and Early Cold Conditioning on Cold Stress Adaptability in Broilers |
| title_sort | effects of glutamine supplementation and early cold conditioning on cold stress adaptability in broilers |
| topic | antioxidant activity broilers cold conditioning glutamine immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/10/1386 |
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