Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption
Although Zn (II)-(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) complex (Zn-EGCg) is known for its promising bioactivities, little attention has been paid to its incorporation into daily green tea consumption. In this study, we aimed to incorporate Zn (II) into green tea extract to promote the formation of Zn-...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Tsukasa Orita Daichi Ijiri De-Xing Hou Kozue Sakao |
| author_facet | Tsukasa Orita Daichi Ijiri De-Xing Hou Kozue Sakao |
| author_sort | Tsukasa Orita |
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| description | Although Zn (II)-(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) complex (Zn-EGCg) is known for its promising bioactivities, little attention has been paid to its incorporation into daily green tea consumption. In this study, we aimed to incorporate Zn (II) into green tea extract to promote the formation of Zn-EGCg complex within the tea matrix. We then investigated how the formation of Zn-complexed green tea extract (Zn-GTE) influences the gut microbiota in a Western diet (WD)-fed mouse model. Structural analyses using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) suggested that Zn (II) interacted with hydroxyl groups of polyphenols within the extract, consistent with Zn-EGCg formation, although the complex could not be unequivocally identified. Under intake levels equivalent to daily consumption, Zn-GTE administration restored WD-induced reductions in alpha-diversity and resulted in a distinct microbial composition compared to treatment with green tea extract (GTE) or Zn alone, as shown by beta-diversity analysis. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis revealed increased abundances of bacterial taxa belonging to <i>o_Clostridiales</i>, <i>o_Bacteroidales</i>, and <i>f_Rikenellaceae</i>, and decreased abundances of <i>g_Akkermansia</i> in the Zn-GTE group compared to the GTE group. These findings highlight that Zn-GTE, prepared via Zn (II) supplementation to green tea, may exert distinct microbiota-modulating effects compared to its individual components. This study provides new insights into the role of dietary metal–polyphenol complexes, offering a food-based platform for studying metal–polyphenol interactions under physiologically relevant conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-033a678521124a2b85079080be18faca |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-033a678521124a2b85079080be18faca2025-08-20T03:02:49ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013015319110.3390/molecules30153191Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea ConsumptionTsukasa Orita0Daichi Ijiri1De-Xing Hou2Kozue Sakao3The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanThe United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanThe United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanThe United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanAlthough Zn (II)-(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) complex (Zn-EGCg) is known for its promising bioactivities, little attention has been paid to its incorporation into daily green tea consumption. In this study, we aimed to incorporate Zn (II) into green tea extract to promote the formation of Zn-EGCg complex within the tea matrix. We then investigated how the formation of Zn-complexed green tea extract (Zn-GTE) influences the gut microbiota in a Western diet (WD)-fed mouse model. Structural analyses using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) suggested that Zn (II) interacted with hydroxyl groups of polyphenols within the extract, consistent with Zn-EGCg formation, although the complex could not be unequivocally identified. Under intake levels equivalent to daily consumption, Zn-GTE administration restored WD-induced reductions in alpha-diversity and resulted in a distinct microbial composition compared to treatment with green tea extract (GTE) or Zn alone, as shown by beta-diversity analysis. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis revealed increased abundances of bacterial taxa belonging to <i>o_Clostridiales</i>, <i>o_Bacteroidales</i>, and <i>f_Rikenellaceae</i>, and decreased abundances of <i>g_Akkermansia</i> in the Zn-GTE group compared to the GTE group. These findings highlight that Zn-GTE, prepared via Zn (II) supplementation to green tea, may exert distinct microbiota-modulating effects compared to its individual components. This study provides new insights into the role of dietary metal–polyphenol complexes, offering a food-based platform for studying metal–polyphenol interactions under physiologically relevant conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3191green teaEGCgZinc (II)Western dietgut microbiotadysbiosis |
| spellingShingle | Tsukasa Orita Daichi Ijiri De-Xing Hou Kozue Sakao Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption Molecules green tea EGCg Zinc (II) Western diet gut microbiota dysbiosis |
| title | Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption |
| title_full | Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption |
| title_fullStr | Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption |
| title_full_unstemmed | Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption |
| title_short | Creation of Zinc (II)-Complexed Green Tea and Its Effects on Gut Microbiota by Daily Green Tea Consumption |
| title_sort | creation of zinc ii complexed green tea and its effects on gut microbiota by daily green tea consumption |
| topic | green tea EGCg Zinc (II) Western diet gut microbiota dysbiosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3191 |
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