Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine
The need to decarbonise transportation has driven research into hydrogen as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. This study uses 1D combustion simulations to evaluate hydrogen injection strategies in a diesel engine with a 30 % hydrogen energy share (HES), including port fuel inject...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Case Studies in Thermal Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25009840 |
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| author | Muhammad Usman Saeed Akhtar Faisal Asfand M. Imran Khan Rakesh Mishra Andrew Ball |
| author_facet | Muhammad Usman Saeed Akhtar Faisal Asfand M. Imran Khan Rakesh Mishra Andrew Ball |
| author_sort | Muhammad Usman Saeed Akhtar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The need to decarbonise transportation has driven research into hydrogen as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. This study uses 1D combustion simulations to evaluate hydrogen injection strategies in a diesel engine with a 30 % hydrogen energy share (HES), including port fuel injection, gaseous direct injection (GDI), and blending liquid hydrogen with diesel. Performance metrics such as brake power, torque, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), heat transfer rate (HTR) and emissions were analysed. Liquid fuels maintain power and torque, while port and direct injections reduce them by 10 % and 15 % due to uneven pressure rise and incomplete energy conversion. BTE remains stable with liquid fuels. However, it drops by up to 17.3 % and 15 % at 1500 rpm with port and direct injection but stabilises at higher speeds. Injection of liquid fuels has little effect on BMEP and HTR, while direct and port injections lower BMEP by 9.6 % and 14 % but increase HTR by over 70 % at high speeds. Port injection achieves the highest emissions reduction, cutting NOx by 54.4 % and CO by 99 %. Liquid fuels offer the best efficiency-performance trade-off, while port and direct injections prioritise emissions reduction at the cost of power. Furthermore, brake power and NOx emissions were evaluated across multiple engine loads (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) to capture load-dependent effects of hydrogen injection strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-03388c2b4de0446eae3567265715fff3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-157X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Case Studies in Thermal Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-03388c2b4de0446eae3567265715fff32025-08-20T03:56:42ZengElsevierCase Studies in Thermal Engineering2214-157X2025-09-017310672410.1016/j.csite.2025.106724Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engineMuhammad Usman Saeed Akhtar0Faisal Asfand1M. Imran Khan2Rakesh Mishra3Andrew Ball4School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United KingdomSchool of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom; Corresponding author.Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United KingdomSchool of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United KingdomThe need to decarbonise transportation has driven research into hydrogen as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. This study uses 1D combustion simulations to evaluate hydrogen injection strategies in a diesel engine with a 30 % hydrogen energy share (HES), including port fuel injection, gaseous direct injection (GDI), and blending liquid hydrogen with diesel. Performance metrics such as brake power, torque, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), heat transfer rate (HTR) and emissions were analysed. Liquid fuels maintain power and torque, while port and direct injections reduce them by 10 % and 15 % due to uneven pressure rise and incomplete energy conversion. BTE remains stable with liquid fuels. However, it drops by up to 17.3 % and 15 % at 1500 rpm with port and direct injection but stabilises at higher speeds. Injection of liquid fuels has little effect on BMEP and HTR, while direct and port injections lower BMEP by 9.6 % and 14 % but increase HTR by over 70 % at high speeds. Port injection achieves the highest emissions reduction, cutting NOx by 54.4 % and CO by 99 %. Liquid fuels offer the best efficiency-performance trade-off, while port and direct injections prioritise emissions reduction at the cost of power. Furthermore, brake power and NOx emissions were evaluated across multiple engine loads (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) to capture load-dependent effects of hydrogen injection strategies.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25009840Hydrogen fuel, hydrogen injection techniquesHydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engineInternal combustion engines |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Usman Saeed Akhtar Faisal Asfand M. Imran Khan Rakesh Mishra Andrew Ball Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine Case Studies in Thermal Engineering Hydrogen fuel, hydrogen injection techniques Hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine Internal combustion engines |
| title | Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine |
| title_full | Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine |
| title_fullStr | Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine |
| title_short | Comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine |
| title_sort | comparative analysis to assess the effects of hydrogen injection techniques on performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine |
| topic | Hydrogen fuel, hydrogen injection techniques Hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine Internal combustion engines |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25009840 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadusmansaeedakhtar comparativeanalysistoassesstheeffectsofhydrogeninjectiontechniquesonperformanceandemissioncharacteristicsofacompressionignitionengine AT faisalasfand comparativeanalysistoassesstheeffectsofhydrogeninjectiontechniquesonperformanceandemissioncharacteristicsofacompressionignitionengine AT mimrankhan comparativeanalysistoassesstheeffectsofhydrogeninjectiontechniquesonperformanceandemissioncharacteristicsofacompressionignitionengine AT rakeshmishra comparativeanalysistoassesstheeffectsofhydrogeninjectiontechniquesonperformanceandemissioncharacteristicsofacompressionignitionengine AT andrewball comparativeanalysistoassesstheeffectsofhydrogeninjectiontechniquesonperformanceandemissioncharacteristicsofacompressionignitionengine |