Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design
Biomass waste-based, graphite-like material is an interesting alternative to fossil carbons in, for example, battery solutions. The aim was to produce carbon with a graphite-like structure from birch waste through catalytic modification with iron nitrate at relatively low temperatures. The study hig...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Carbon Trends |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924001081 |
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| author | Henna Lempiäinen Davide Bergna Anne Heponiemi Tao Hu Glaydson S. dos Reis Rafal Sliz Ulla Lassi |
| author_facet | Henna Lempiäinen Davide Bergna Anne Heponiemi Tao Hu Glaydson S. dos Reis Rafal Sliz Ulla Lassi |
| author_sort | Henna Lempiäinen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biomass waste-based, graphite-like material is an interesting alternative to fossil carbons in, for example, battery solutions. The aim was to produce carbon with a graphite-like structure from birch waste through catalytic modification with iron nitrate at relatively low temperatures. The study highlighted the effects of the Fe/birch mass ratio (0–20 mg Fe/g birch), heating temperature (750–900 °C), holding time (1–6 h), and heating rate (3–10 °C/min) on the carbon. The influence of each factor was demonstrated using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. Changes in yield, chemical composition, morphology, specific surface area, total pore volume, pore size distribution, particle size, tapped density, and conductivity were analyzed. The results showed that temperature affected the chemical content, yield, and conductivity. Iron-impregnation affected the structure of birch by modifying its total pore volume, tapped density, ID/IG value, and conductivity. The heating rate and holding time had relatively little effect. The highest conductivity (7.23 S/cm) was obtained when impregnated birch was pyrolyzed at the maximum temperature, holding time, and heating rate. However, the best graphitization result (ID/IG 0.98) was obtained when iron-impregnated birch was heated for 6 h at 750 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-02ff72187ea040a2b79faee2f838cdb3 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2667-0569 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Carbon Trends |
| spelling | doaj-art-02ff72187ea040a2b79faee2f838cdb32025-08-20T02:38:05ZengElsevierCarbon Trends2667-05692024-12-011710042810.1016/j.cartre.2024.100428Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental designHenna Lempiäinen0Davide Bergna1Anne Heponiemi2Tao Hu3Glaydson S. dos Reis4Rafal Sliz5Ulla Lassi6University of Oulu, Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; University of Jyvaskyla, Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, P.O. Box 567, FI-67100 Kokkola, FinlandUniversity of Oulu, Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; University of Jyvaskyla, Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, P.O. Box 567, FI-67100 Kokkola, FinlandUniversity of Oulu, Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, FinlandUniversity of Oulu, Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, FinlandLaboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland; Biomass Technology Centre, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, SwedenResearch unit of Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, FinlandUniversity of Oulu, Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; University of Jyvaskyla, Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, P.O. Box 567, FI-67100 Kokkola, Finland; Corresponding author.Biomass waste-based, graphite-like material is an interesting alternative to fossil carbons in, for example, battery solutions. The aim was to produce carbon with a graphite-like structure from birch waste through catalytic modification with iron nitrate at relatively low temperatures. The study highlighted the effects of the Fe/birch mass ratio (0–20 mg Fe/g birch), heating temperature (750–900 °C), holding time (1–6 h), and heating rate (3–10 °C/min) on the carbon. The influence of each factor was demonstrated using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. Changes in yield, chemical composition, morphology, specific surface area, total pore volume, pore size distribution, particle size, tapped density, and conductivity were analyzed. The results showed that temperature affected the chemical content, yield, and conductivity. Iron-impregnation affected the structure of birch by modifying its total pore volume, tapped density, ID/IG value, and conductivity. The heating rate and holding time had relatively little effect. The highest conductivity (7.23 S/cm) was obtained when impregnated birch was pyrolyzed at the maximum temperature, holding time, and heating rate. However, the best graphitization result (ID/IG 0.98) was obtained when iron-impregnated birch was heated for 6 h at 750 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924001081BirchGraphite-like structurePyrolysisConductivityIron catalystBiomass-based carbon |
| spellingShingle | Henna Lempiäinen Davide Bergna Anne Heponiemi Tao Hu Glaydson S. dos Reis Rafal Sliz Ulla Lassi Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design Carbon Trends Birch Graphite-like structure Pyrolysis Conductivity Iron catalyst Biomass-based carbon |
| title | Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design |
| title_full | Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design |
| title_fullStr | Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design |
| title_short | Fe-based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust-based carbon structure: The effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design |
| title_sort | fe based catalytic modification of a birch sawdust based carbon structure the effect of process parameters on the final product using an experimental design |
| topic | Birch Graphite-like structure Pyrolysis Conductivity Iron catalyst Biomass-based carbon |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924001081 |
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