Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling
(AlCrNbSiTiMo)N high-entropy alloy films with different nitrogen contents were deposited on tungsten carbide substrates using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system. Two different types of targets were used in the sputtering process: a hot-pressing sintered AlCrNbSiTi target fabricated using...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Jeng-Haur Horng Wen-Hsien Kao Wei-Chen Lin Ren-Hao Chang |
| author_facet | Jeng-Haur Horng Wen-Hsien Kao Wei-Chen Lin Ren-Hao Chang |
| author_sort | Jeng-Haur Horng |
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| description | (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N high-entropy alloy films with different nitrogen contents were deposited on tungsten carbide substrates using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system. Two different types of targets were used in the sputtering process: a hot-pressing sintered AlCrNbSiTi target fabricated using a single powder containing multiple elements and a vacuum arc melting Mo target. The deposited films were denoted as R<sub>N0</sub>, R<sub>N33</sub>, R<sub>N43</sub>, R<sub>N50</sub>, and R<sub>N56</sub>, where R<sub>N</sub> indicates the nitrogen flow ratio relative to the total nitrogen and argon flow rate (R<sub>N</sub> = (N<sub>2</sub>/(N<sub>2</sub> + Ar)) × 100%). The as-sputtered films were vacuum annealed, with the resulting films denoted as HR<sub>N0</sub>, HR<sub>N33</sub>, HR<sub>N43</sub>, HR<sub>N50</sub>, and HR<sub>N56</sub>, respectively. The effects of the nitrogen content on the composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of the films, in both as-sputtered and annealed states, underwent thorough analysis. The R<sub>N0</sub> and R<sub>N33</sub> films displayed non-crystalline structures. However, with an increase in nitrogen content, the R<sub>N43</sub>, R<sub>N50</sub>, and R<sub>N56</sub> films transitioned to FCC structures. Among the as-deposited films, the R<sub>N43</sub> film exhibited the best mechanical and tribological properties. All of the annealed films, except for the HR<sub>N0</sub> film, displayed an FCC structure. In addition, they all formed an MoO<sub>3</sub> solid lubricating phase, which reduced the coefficient of friction and improved the anti-wear performance. The heat treatment HR<sub>N43</sub> film displayed the supreme hardness, H/E ratio, and adhesion strength. It also demonstrated excellent thermal stability and the best wear resistance. As a result, in milling tests on Inconel 718, the R<sub>N43</sub>-coated tool demonstrated a significantly lower flank wear and notch wear, indicating an improved machining performance and extended tool life. Thus, the application of the R<sub>N43</sub> film in aerospace manufacturing can effectively reduce the tool replacement cost. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-02a121aa9b0c4c9d80cdf7efa658fbe82025-08-20T01:54:02ZengMDPI AGLubricants2075-44422024-11-01121139110.3390/lubricants12110391Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy MillingJeng-Haur Horng0Wen-Hsien Kao1Wei-Chen Lin2Ren-Hao Chang3Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua 500, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan(AlCrNbSiTiMo)N high-entropy alloy films with different nitrogen contents were deposited on tungsten carbide substrates using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system. Two different types of targets were used in the sputtering process: a hot-pressing sintered AlCrNbSiTi target fabricated using a single powder containing multiple elements and a vacuum arc melting Mo target. The deposited films were denoted as R<sub>N0</sub>, R<sub>N33</sub>, R<sub>N43</sub>, R<sub>N50</sub>, and R<sub>N56</sub>, where R<sub>N</sub> indicates the nitrogen flow ratio relative to the total nitrogen and argon flow rate (R<sub>N</sub> = (N<sub>2</sub>/(N<sub>2</sub> + Ar)) × 100%). The as-sputtered films were vacuum annealed, with the resulting films denoted as HR<sub>N0</sub>, HR<sub>N33</sub>, HR<sub>N43</sub>, HR<sub>N50</sub>, and HR<sub>N56</sub>, respectively. The effects of the nitrogen content on the composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of the films, in both as-sputtered and annealed states, underwent thorough analysis. The R<sub>N0</sub> and R<sub>N33</sub> films displayed non-crystalline structures. However, with an increase in nitrogen content, the R<sub>N43</sub>, R<sub>N50</sub>, and R<sub>N56</sub> films transitioned to FCC structures. Among the as-deposited films, the R<sub>N43</sub> film exhibited the best mechanical and tribological properties. All of the annealed films, except for the HR<sub>N0</sub> film, displayed an FCC structure. In addition, they all formed an MoO<sub>3</sub> solid lubricating phase, which reduced the coefficient of friction and improved the anti-wear performance. The heat treatment HR<sub>N43</sub> film displayed the supreme hardness, H/E ratio, and adhesion strength. It also demonstrated excellent thermal stability and the best wear resistance. As a result, in milling tests on Inconel 718, the R<sub>N43</sub>-coated tool demonstrated a significantly lower flank wear and notch wear, indicating an improved machining performance and extended tool life. Thus, the application of the R<sub>N43</sub> film in aerospace manufacturing can effectively reduce the tool replacement cost.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/12/11/391high entropy alloysingle multiple-element powdertribological propertiesthermal stabilitymachining performance |
| spellingShingle | Jeng-Haur Horng Wen-Hsien Kao Wei-Chen Lin Ren-Hao Chang Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling Lubricants high entropy alloy single multiple-element powder tribological properties thermal stability machining performance |
| title | Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling |
| title_full | Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling |
| title_fullStr | Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling |
| title_short | Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (AlCrNbSiTiMo)N High-Entropy Alloy Films Prepared Using Single Multiple-Element Powder Hot-Pressed Sintered Target and Their Practical Application in Nickel-Based Alloy Milling |
| title_sort | mechanical and tribological properties of alcrnbsitimo n high entropy alloy films prepared using single multiple element powder hot pressed sintered target and their practical application in nickel based alloy milling |
| topic | high entropy alloy single multiple-element powder tribological properties thermal stability machining performance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/12/11/391 |
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