A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach
<b>Background:</b> The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. <b>Objectives</b>: We aim to describe and compare scapular and tru...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/1/97 |
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| author | Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles Augusto Gil Pascoal |
| author_facet | Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles Augusto Gil Pascoal |
| author_sort | Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. <b>Objectives</b>: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external resistance conditions. <b>Methods</b>: The three-dimensional shoulder and trunk kinematics of 19 male participants were captured at 15-degree intervals, from 30 to 120 degrees, during the overhead squat movement and analyzed by phase. <b>Results</b>: Scapular posterior tilt was significantly affected by resistance during the UNLOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.005, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.26). Significant resistance-by-arm elevation interactions were found for scapular upward rotation during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.19) and UNLOAD phase <i>(p <</i> 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.24); for scapular internal rotation during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> < 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.37) and UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.19); and for scapular posterior tilt during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.26) and the UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.21). Trunk flexion/extension showed a significant effect on resistance during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.008, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.24). <b>Conclusions</b>: Increasing resistance through elastic resistance significantly improves scapular kinematics via the trunk during arm elevation. This underscores the potential of the overhead squat movement as a valuable tool for assessing and treating scapular and trunk dysfunction. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2411-5142 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-028e42487ea043559b20fec9801d5b4b2025-08-20T02:11:11ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology2411-51422025-03-011019710.3390/jfmk10010097A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain ApproachFagner Luiz Pacheco Salles0Augusto Gil Pascoal1LBMF, CIPER–Neuromechanics, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, PortugalLBMF, CIPER–Neuromechanics, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal<b>Background:</b> The overhead squat movement involves various bodily structures, but the interaction with three-dimensional elastic resistance along the kinetic chain approach requires further understanding. <b>Objectives</b>: We aim to describe and compare scapular and trunk kinematics during an overhead squat under different external resistance conditions. <b>Methods</b>: The three-dimensional shoulder and trunk kinematics of 19 male participants were captured at 15-degree intervals, from 30 to 120 degrees, during the overhead squat movement and analyzed by phase. <b>Results</b>: Scapular posterior tilt was significantly affected by resistance during the UNLOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.005, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.26). Significant resistance-by-arm elevation interactions were found for scapular upward rotation during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.19) and UNLOAD phase <i>(p <</i> 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.24); for scapular internal rotation during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> < 0.001, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.37) and UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.19); and for scapular posterior tilt during both the LOAD (<i>p</i> = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.26) and the UNLOAD phases (<i>p</i> = 0.006, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.21). Trunk flexion/extension showed a significant effect on resistance during the LOAD phase (<i>p</i> = 0.008, η<sup>2</sup>ₚ = 0.24). <b>Conclusions</b>: Increasing resistance through elastic resistance significantly improves scapular kinematics via the trunk during arm elevation. This underscores the potential of the overhead squat movement as a valuable tool for assessing and treating scapular and trunk dysfunction.https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/1/97shoulder kinematicstrunk kinematicsrehabilitationoverhead squatelastic resistance training |
| spellingShingle | Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles Augusto Gil Pascoal A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology shoulder kinematics trunk kinematics rehabilitation overhead squat elastic resistance training |
| title | A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach |
| title_full | A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach |
| title_fullStr | A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach |
| title_short | A Kinematic Study on the Use of Overhead Squat Exercise with Elastic Resistance on the Shoulder Kinetic Chain Approach |
| title_sort | kinematic study on the use of overhead squat exercise with elastic resistance on the shoulder kinetic chain approach |
| topic | shoulder kinematics trunk kinematics rehabilitation overhead squat elastic resistance training |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/1/97 |
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