Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats
The anxieties and concerns about health hazards caused by microwave has been growing recently. Previous studies have reported microwave induced structural and functional injuries to brain. However, the biological effects caused by compound microwave were largely unexplored. In this study, we investi...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025000052 |
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| author | Liu Sun Xiaoya Wang Ke Ren Chuanfu Yao Haoyu Wang Xinping Xu Hui Wang Ji Dong Jing Zhang Binwei Yao Xiaohui Wei Ruiyun Peng Li Zhao |
| author_facet | Liu Sun Xiaoya Wang Ke Ren Chuanfu Yao Haoyu Wang Xinping Xu Hui Wang Ji Dong Jing Zhang Binwei Yao Xiaohui Wei Ruiyun Peng Li Zhao |
| author_sort | Liu Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The anxieties and concerns about health hazards caused by microwave has been growing recently. Previous studies have reported microwave induced structural and functional injuries to brain. However, the biological effects caused by compound microwave were largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the biological effects on rat's hippocampus after sequentially exposure to 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz at average power density of 10 mW/cm2. Morris water maze (MWM) navigation tests showed that microwave exposure significantly extended the average escape latency (AEL) at 1d and 3d after exposure, suggesting reduced learning and memory ability. Importantly, compound microwave produced strongest responses at 3 d after exposure. Moreover, microwave also could induce abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), such as increasing the power of θ wave and δ wave, suggesting brain damage or dysfunction. Histopathological analysis suggested that microwave resulted in obvious structural injuries in hippocampus at 7 d after exposure, and most serious injuries were observed in compound microwave exposed rats. Moreover, disorder of mitochondria and reduced Nissl bodies in hippocampus might contribute to the decrease of cognitive function. However, both the cognitive function and hippocampal structure restored to normal at 28 d after exposure, which might be attributed to self-recovery mechanisms. Gene ontology (GO) and Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses of differential expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood suggested that Htt and Bdnf might be potential indicators to predict microwave. In conclusion, compound microwave of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz could elicit reversible structural injuries to hippocampus, which could decrease the cognitive function of rats. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-02834123ea9e4e20a45e33319f04f600 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj-art-02834123ea9e4e20a45e33319f04f6002025-01-17T04:51:47ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-01-01111e41626Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in ratsLiu Sun0Xiaoya Wang1Ke Ren2Chuanfu Yao3Haoyu Wang4Xinping Xu5Hui Wang6Ji Dong7Jing Zhang8Binwei Yao9Xiaohui Wei10Ruiyun Peng11Li Zhao12Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaAnhui Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, ChinaAnhui Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Hefei, 230032, ChinaBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China; Corresponding author.Anhui Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China; Corresponding author. Anhui Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.The anxieties and concerns about health hazards caused by microwave has been growing recently. Previous studies have reported microwave induced structural and functional injuries to brain. However, the biological effects caused by compound microwave were largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the biological effects on rat's hippocampus after sequentially exposure to 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz at average power density of 10 mW/cm2. Morris water maze (MWM) navigation tests showed that microwave exposure significantly extended the average escape latency (AEL) at 1d and 3d after exposure, suggesting reduced learning and memory ability. Importantly, compound microwave produced strongest responses at 3 d after exposure. Moreover, microwave also could induce abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), such as increasing the power of θ wave and δ wave, suggesting brain damage or dysfunction. Histopathological analysis suggested that microwave resulted in obvious structural injuries in hippocampus at 7 d after exposure, and most serious injuries were observed in compound microwave exposed rats. Moreover, disorder of mitochondria and reduced Nissl bodies in hippocampus might contribute to the decrease of cognitive function. However, both the cognitive function and hippocampal structure restored to normal at 28 d after exposure, which might be attributed to self-recovery mechanisms. Gene ontology (GO) and Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses of differential expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood suggested that Htt and Bdnf might be potential indicators to predict microwave. In conclusion, compound microwave of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz could elicit reversible structural injuries to hippocampus, which could decrease the cognitive function of rats.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025000052Compound exposureMicrowaveLearningMemory functionHippocampusRats |
| spellingShingle | Liu Sun Xiaoya Wang Ke Ren Chuanfu Yao Haoyu Wang Xinping Xu Hui Wang Ji Dong Jing Zhang Binwei Yao Xiaohui Wei Ruiyun Peng Li Zhao Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats Heliyon Compound exposure Microwave Learning Memory function Hippocampus Rats |
| title | Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats |
| title_full | Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats |
| title_fullStr | Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats |
| title_short | Compound exposure of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats |
| title_sort | compound exposure of 2 8 ghz and 9 3 ghz microwave causes learning and memory impairment in rats |
| topic | Compound exposure Microwave Learning Memory function Hippocampus Rats |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025000052 |
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