Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design
This study presents a data-driven analysis of navigator stress and workload levels in simulated ship encounters within restricted waters, leveraging real-world automatic identification system (AIS) data from Makassar Port, Indonesia. Six close-quarter scenarios were recreated to reflect critical enc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7630 |
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| author | Joe Ronald Kurniawan Bokau Youngsoo Park Daewon Kim |
| author_facet | Joe Ronald Kurniawan Bokau Youngsoo Park Daewon Kim |
| author_sort | Joe Ronald Kurniawan Bokau |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study presents a data-driven analysis of navigator stress and workload levels in simulated ship encounters within restricted waters, leveraging real-world automatic identification system (AIS) data from Makassar Port, Indonesia. Six close-quarter scenarios were recreated to reflect critical encounter geometries, and 24 Indonesian seafarers were evaluated using heart rate variability (HRV), perceived stress scale (PSS), and task load index (NASA-TLX) workload assessments. The results indicate that crossing angles, particularly 135° port and starboard encounters, significantly influence physiological stress levels, with age being a moderating factor. Although no consistent relationship was found between workload and HRV metrics, the findings underscore key human factors that may impair navigational performance under cognitively demanding conditions. By integrating AIS-derived traffic data with simulation-based human performance monitoring, this study supports the development of intelligent maritime training frameworks and adaptive decision support systems. The research contributes to broader efforts toward enhancing navigational safety and situational awareness amid increasing automation and traffic densities at sea. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0282053cf2594ca4859d9da8fa73b099 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-0282053cf2594ca4859d9da8fa73b0992025-08-20T03:58:27ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-07-011514763010.3390/app15147630Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training DesignJoe Ronald Kurniawan Bokau0Youngsoo Park1Daewon Kim2Division of Navigation Convergence Studies, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of KoreaDivision of Navigation Convergence Studies, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of KoreaDivision of Navigation Convergence Studies, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of KoreaThis study presents a data-driven analysis of navigator stress and workload levels in simulated ship encounters within restricted waters, leveraging real-world automatic identification system (AIS) data from Makassar Port, Indonesia. Six close-quarter scenarios were recreated to reflect critical encounter geometries, and 24 Indonesian seafarers were evaluated using heart rate variability (HRV), perceived stress scale (PSS), and task load index (NASA-TLX) workload assessments. The results indicate that crossing angles, particularly 135° port and starboard encounters, significantly influence physiological stress levels, with age being a moderating factor. Although no consistent relationship was found between workload and HRV metrics, the findings underscore key human factors that may impair navigational performance under cognitively demanding conditions. By integrating AIS-derived traffic data with simulation-based human performance monitoring, this study supports the development of intelligent maritime training frameworks and adaptive decision support systems. The research contributes to broader efforts toward enhancing navigational safety and situational awareness amid increasing automation and traffic densities at sea.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7630maritime safetyAIS datasimulator-based traininghuman factorsnavigator stressIndonesian seafarer |
| spellingShingle | Joe Ronald Kurniawan Bokau Youngsoo Park Daewon Kim Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design Applied Sciences maritime safety AIS data simulator-based training human factors navigator stress Indonesian seafarer |
| title | Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design |
| title_full | Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design |
| title_fullStr | Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design |
| title_full_unstemmed | Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design |
| title_short | Data-Driven Simulation of Navigator Stress in Close-Quarter Ship Encounters: Insights for Maritime Risk Assessment and Intelligent Training Design |
| title_sort | data driven simulation of navigator stress in close quarter ship encounters insights for maritime risk assessment and intelligent training design |
| topic | maritime safety AIS data simulator-based training human factors navigator stress Indonesian seafarer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7630 |
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