A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression
Abstract Background The study, undertaken in Fengxian District, Shanghai, seeks to investigate the correlation between the sanitary conditions of high school classrooms and the changes in students' uncorrected visual acuity and refractive status, given their predominantly classroom-centric life...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | BMC Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20839-5 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850057922307948544 |
|---|---|
| author | Meng Qin Wei-xing Shi Shan-xi Gao Yue Niu Jing-wei Zheng |
| author_facet | Meng Qin Wei-xing Shi Shan-xi Gao Yue Niu Jing-wei Zheng |
| author_sort | Meng Qin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The study, undertaken in Fengxian District, Shanghai, seeks to investigate the correlation between the sanitary conditions of high school classrooms and the changes in students' uncorrected visual acuity and refractive status, given their predominantly classroom-centric lifestyle and the considerable academic pressures they encounter. Methods Utilizing a cluster random sampling approach, we randomly selected 48 classrooms for monitoring from 8 high schools within the jurisdiction, taking into account factors such as classroom orientation and floor level. A cohort comprising 1087 students was enrolled and followed for a year, with their refractive data being collected. A generalized additive model was employed to examine the associations between classroom environmental factors and students' visual acuity as well as refractive status. Results Significant increases were observed in the spherical equivalent, cylinder, and corneal astigmatism for both the right and left eyes from 2022 to 2023 (P < 0.001). However, no significant change was noted in uncorrected visual acuity (P > 0.05). The compliance rate for blackboard size (height) was 100%, with an average of (1.16 ± 0.06) m and a minimum of 1.06 m. None of the classrooms met the standards for the distance between the multimedia display and the front seat, with an average of (177.26 ± 17.78) m. Classroom per capita area, blackboard size (height), and the distance between the multimedia display and the front seat influenced changes in uncorrected visual acuity. Additionally, classroom per capita area affected changes in the spherical equivalent. The window-to-ground area ratio and blackboard reflectance ratio impacted changes in astigmatism values at 90°-180° (J180) and 45°-135° (J45). Blackboard size (width) and the window-to-ground area ratio influenced changes in students' corneal astigmatism. The classroom with the least impact on refractive status had a per capita area of 1.6 m2, a blackboard size (width) of approximately 4.2 m, and a window-to-floor area ratio of around 0.27. Conclusions Schools should adhere to national standards to enhance the classroom visual environment and further improve the compliance rate. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-028038dfe81d46e89f5cb0b34fc219d2 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-028038dfe81d46e89f5cb0b34fc219d22025-08-20T02:51:18ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582024-11-0124111110.1186/s12889-024-20839-5A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progressionMeng Qin0Wei-xing Shi1Shan-xi Gao2Yue Niu3Jing-wei Zheng4Fengxian District Center for Disease Control and PreventionFengxian District Center for Disease Control and PreventionFengxian District Center for Disease Control and PreventionSchool of Public Health, Fudan UniversityNational Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityAbstract Background The study, undertaken in Fengxian District, Shanghai, seeks to investigate the correlation between the sanitary conditions of high school classrooms and the changes in students' uncorrected visual acuity and refractive status, given their predominantly classroom-centric lifestyle and the considerable academic pressures they encounter. Methods Utilizing a cluster random sampling approach, we randomly selected 48 classrooms for monitoring from 8 high schools within the jurisdiction, taking into account factors such as classroom orientation and floor level. A cohort comprising 1087 students was enrolled and followed for a year, with their refractive data being collected. A generalized additive model was employed to examine the associations between classroom environmental factors and students' visual acuity as well as refractive status. Results Significant increases were observed in the spherical equivalent, cylinder, and corneal astigmatism for both the right and left eyes from 2022 to 2023 (P < 0.001). However, no significant change was noted in uncorrected visual acuity (P > 0.05). The compliance rate for blackboard size (height) was 100%, with an average of (1.16 ± 0.06) m and a minimum of 1.06 m. None of the classrooms met the standards for the distance between the multimedia display and the front seat, with an average of (177.26 ± 17.78) m. Classroom per capita area, blackboard size (height), and the distance between the multimedia display and the front seat influenced changes in uncorrected visual acuity. Additionally, classroom per capita area affected changes in the spherical equivalent. The window-to-ground area ratio and blackboard reflectance ratio impacted changes in astigmatism values at 90°-180° (J180) and 45°-135° (J45). Blackboard size (width) and the window-to-ground area ratio influenced changes in students' corneal astigmatism. The classroom with the least impact on refractive status had a per capita area of 1.6 m2, a blackboard size (width) of approximately 4.2 m, and a window-to-floor area ratio of around 0.27. Conclusions Schools should adhere to national standards to enhance the classroom visual environment and further improve the compliance rate.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20839-5Refractive stateAbnormal visionClassroom environmental factors |
| spellingShingle | Meng Qin Wei-xing Shi Shan-xi Gao Yue Niu Jing-wei Zheng A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression BMC Public Health Refractive state Abnormal vision Classroom environmental factors |
| title | A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression |
| title_full | A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression |
| title_fullStr | A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression |
| title_full_unstemmed | A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression |
| title_short | A generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students' refractive state progression |
| title_sort | generalized additive model analysis of school classroom environment and students refractive state progression |
| topic | Refractive state Abnormal vision Classroom environmental factors |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20839-5 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mengqin ageneralizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT weixingshi ageneralizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT shanxigao ageneralizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT yueniu ageneralizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT jingweizheng ageneralizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT mengqin generalizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT weixingshi generalizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT shanxigao generalizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT yueniu generalizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression AT jingweizheng generalizedadditivemodelanalysisofschoolclassroomenvironmentandstudentsrefractivestateprogression |