Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Obesity and overweight are increasingly recognized as significant risk factors for the incidence and progression of thyroid cancer (TC). However, its epidemiological investigation including the disease burden and its trends remains insufficiently explored. This research aimed to reveal an...

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Main Authors: Ye-xin Chen, Han-zhang Hong, Zi-heng Gao, Yu-xin Hu, Ling-zi Yao, Jiang-teng Liu, Yan Zhao, Gai-weng Cui, Dan-dan Mao, Jin-xi Zhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-03-01
Series:BMC Public Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21960-9
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author Ye-xin Chen
Han-zhang Hong
Zi-heng Gao
Yu-xin Hu
Ling-zi Yao
Jiang-teng Liu
Yan Zhao
Gai-weng Cui
Dan-dan Mao
Jin-xi Zhao
author_facet Ye-xin Chen
Han-zhang Hong
Zi-heng Gao
Yu-xin Hu
Ling-zi Yao
Jiang-teng Liu
Yan Zhao
Gai-weng Cui
Dan-dan Mao
Jin-xi Zhao
author_sort Ye-xin Chen
collection DOAJ
description Background Obesity and overweight are increasingly recognized as significant risk factors for the incidence and progression of thyroid cancer (TC). However, its epidemiological investigation including the disease burden and its trends remains insufficiently explored. This research aimed to reveal and predict the disease burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index (TC-HBMI), which would offer significant references for focused prevention and disease management methods. Methods The study extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021). Deaths case, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) case, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) were obtained from GBD 2021 to assess the global burden from 1990 to 2021. Decomposition analysis explored the driving factors to TC-HBMI. The Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) in ASMR and ASDR of TC-HBMI was determined to analyze temporal trends by Joinpoint regression analysis. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was utilized to project the disease burden untill 2049. Results The global deaths and DALYs of TC-HBMI were 5,255 and 144,955 in 2021, exhibiting a continuous growth trend over the past 32 years. The ASMR and ASDR for males showed faster growth. The disease burden was greatest among middle-aged and older populations, while the rapidly increase in adolescents should not be overlooked. High socio-demographic index (SDI) regions and Latin America each recorded the highest disease burden within their respective categories of SDI regions and GBD regions. Additionally, Predictive models indicated a gradual upward trend from 2022 to 2049. Conclusion The study revealed that the global disease burden of TC-HBMI had continuously increased from 1990 to 2021, and it was predicted to escalate until 2049. The findings emphasize the need for more detailed TC screening and weight loss measures tailored to specific regions and populations, which would benefit efforts to curb the projected rise in TC-HBMI deaths and DALYs.
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spelling doaj-art-02479753137a4124a4e29379aa8fda932025-08-20T01:48:17ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-03-0125111310.1186/s12889-025-21960-9Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Ye-xin Chen0Han-zhang Hong1Zi-heng Gao2Yu-xin Hu3Ling-zi Yao4Jiang-teng Liu5Yan Zhao6Gai-weng Cui7Dan-dan Mao8Jin-xi Zhao9Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineSchool of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of MedicineDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineInstitute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing, Ningbo Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityDongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBackground Obesity and overweight are increasingly recognized as significant risk factors for the incidence and progression of thyroid cancer (TC). However, its epidemiological investigation including the disease burden and its trends remains insufficiently explored. This research aimed to reveal and predict the disease burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index (TC-HBMI), which would offer significant references for focused prevention and disease management methods. Methods The study extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021). Deaths case, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) case, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) were obtained from GBD 2021 to assess the global burden from 1990 to 2021. Decomposition analysis explored the driving factors to TC-HBMI. The Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) in ASMR and ASDR of TC-HBMI was determined to analyze temporal trends by Joinpoint regression analysis. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was utilized to project the disease burden untill 2049. Results The global deaths and DALYs of TC-HBMI were 5,255 and 144,955 in 2021, exhibiting a continuous growth trend over the past 32 years. The ASMR and ASDR for males showed faster growth. The disease burden was greatest among middle-aged and older populations, while the rapidly increase in adolescents should not be overlooked. High socio-demographic index (SDI) regions and Latin America each recorded the highest disease burden within their respective categories of SDI regions and GBD regions. Additionally, Predictive models indicated a gradual upward trend from 2022 to 2049. Conclusion The study revealed that the global disease burden of TC-HBMI had continuously increased from 1990 to 2021, and it was predicted to escalate until 2049. The findings emphasize the need for more detailed TC screening and weight loss measures tailored to specific regions and populations, which would benefit efforts to curb the projected rise in TC-HBMI deaths and DALYs.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21960-9 Thyroid cancerHigh body-mass indexGlobal Burden of Disease Study 2021DeathsDisability-adjusted life years
spellingShingle Ye-xin Chen
Han-zhang Hong
Zi-heng Gao
Yu-xin Hu
Ling-zi Yao
Jiang-teng Liu
Yan Zhao
Gai-weng Cui
Dan-dan Mao
Jin-xi Zhao
Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BMC Public Health
 Thyroid cancer
High body-mass index
Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Deaths
Disability-adjusted life years
title Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_fullStr Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full_unstemmed Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_short Global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_sort global trend and disparity in the burden of thyroid cancer attributable to high body mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2049 a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021
topic  Thyroid cancer
High body-mass index
Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Deaths
Disability-adjusted life years
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21960-9
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