Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pixel offset adjustments in digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing on the marginal and internal fit and surface trueness of zirconia crowns. Zirconia crowns were designed using dental computer-aided design software (Dentbird; Imagowo...

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Main Authors: KeunBaDa Son, Ji-Min Lee, Kyoung-Jun Jang, Sang-Kyu Lee, Jun Ho Hwang, Jong Hoon Lee, Hyun Deok Kim, So-Yeun Kim, Kyu-Bok Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Journal of Functional Biomaterials
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/3/103
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author KeunBaDa Son
Ji-Min Lee
Kyoung-Jun Jang
Sang-Kyu Lee
Jun Ho Hwang
Jong Hoon Lee
Hyun Deok Kim
So-Yeun Kim
Kyu-Bok Lee
author_facet KeunBaDa Son
Ji-Min Lee
Kyoung-Jun Jang
Sang-Kyu Lee
Jun Ho Hwang
Jong Hoon Lee
Hyun Deok Kim
So-Yeun Kim
Kyu-Bok Lee
author_sort KeunBaDa Son
collection DOAJ
description This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pixel offset adjustments in digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing on the marginal and internal fit and surface trueness of zirconia crowns. Zirconia crowns were designed using dental computer-aided design software (Dentbird; Imagoworks) and fabricated with a vat photopolymerization DLP 3D printer (TD6+; 3D Controls) under three pixel offset conditions (−1, 0, and 1). Pixel offset refers to the controlled modification of the outermost pixels in the XY plane during printing to compensate for potential dimensional inaccuracies. The marginal and internal fit was assessed using a triple-scan protocol and quantified using root mean square (RMS) values. Surface trueness was evaluated by measuring RMS, positive and negative errors between the designed and fabricated crowns. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis (α = 0.05). The Pixel offset had a significant effect on fit accuracy and surface trueness (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Higher pixel offsets increased marginal discrepancies (<i>p</i> = 0.004), with the marginal gap exceeding 120 µm at a pixel offset of 1 (114.5 ± 14.6 µm), while a pixel offset of −1 (85.5 ± 18.6 µm) remained within acceptable limits (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Surface trueness worsened with increasing pixel offset, showing greater positive errors (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Optimizing pixel offset in DLP 3D printing is crucial to ensuring clinically acceptable zirconia crowns. Improper settings may increase marginal discrepancies and surface errors, compromising restoration accuracy.
format Article
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institution DOAJ
issn 2079-4983
language English
publishDate 2025-03-01
publisher MDPI AG
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series Journal of Functional Biomaterials
spelling doaj-art-022fe5d281a44e9097b4a61503a25c192025-08-20T02:42:31ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Biomaterials2079-49832025-03-0116310310.3390/jfb16030103Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia CrownsKeunBaDa Son0Ji-Min Lee1Kyoung-Jun Jang2Sang-Kyu Lee3Jun Ho Hwang4Jong Hoon Lee5Hyun Deok Kim6So-Yeun Kim7Kyu-Bok Lee8Advanced Dental Device Development Institute (A3DI), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of KoreaAdvanced Dental Device Development Institute (A3DI), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea3D Controls Co., Ltd., Gangseo-gu, Busan 46721, Republic of Korea3D Controls Co., Ltd., Gangseo-gu, Busan 46721, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Advanced Convergence Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Advanced Convergence Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaSchool of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of KoreaAdvanced Dental Device Development Institute (A3DI), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of KoreaThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of pixel offset adjustments in digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing on the marginal and internal fit and surface trueness of zirconia crowns. Zirconia crowns were designed using dental computer-aided design software (Dentbird; Imagoworks) and fabricated with a vat photopolymerization DLP 3D printer (TD6+; 3D Controls) under three pixel offset conditions (−1, 0, and 1). Pixel offset refers to the controlled modification of the outermost pixels in the XY plane during printing to compensate for potential dimensional inaccuracies. The marginal and internal fit was assessed using a triple-scan protocol and quantified using root mean square (RMS) values. Surface trueness was evaluated by measuring RMS, positive and negative errors between the designed and fabricated crowns. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis (α = 0.05). The Pixel offset had a significant effect on fit accuracy and surface trueness (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Higher pixel offsets increased marginal discrepancies (<i>p</i> = 0.004), with the marginal gap exceeding 120 µm at a pixel offset of 1 (114.5 ± 14.6 µm), while a pixel offset of −1 (85.5 ± 18.6 µm) remained within acceptable limits (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Surface trueness worsened with increasing pixel offset, showing greater positive errors (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Optimizing pixel offset in DLP 3D printing is crucial to ensuring clinically acceptable zirconia crowns. Improper settings may increase marginal discrepancies and surface errors, compromising restoration accuracy.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/3/103digital light processing 3D printingzirconia crownspixel offsetmarginal and internal fitsurface trueness
spellingShingle KeunBaDa Son
Ji-Min Lee
Kyoung-Jun Jang
Sang-Kyu Lee
Jun Ho Hwang
Jong Hoon Lee
Hyun Deok Kim
So-Yeun Kim
Kyu-Bok Lee
Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
digital light processing 3D printing
zirconia crowns
pixel offset
marginal and internal fit
surface trueness
title Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns
title_full Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns
title_fullStr Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns
title_short Effect of Pixel Offset Adjustments for XY Plane Dimensional Compensation in Digital Light Processing 3D Printing on the Surface Trueness and Fit of Zirconia Crowns
title_sort effect of pixel offset adjustments for xy plane dimensional compensation in digital light processing 3d printing on the surface trueness and fit of zirconia crowns
topic digital light processing 3D printing
zirconia crowns
pixel offset
marginal and internal fit
surface trueness
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/3/103
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