A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars
An increasing number of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are being identified in the TeV band by ground-based Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes such that they constitute the dominant source class of Galactic TeV emitters. However, MeV–GeV PWN counterparts are still largely lacking. To date, only a dozen PW...
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| Language: | English |
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade8f0 |
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| author | The Fermi-LAT Collaboration A. Acharyya A. Adelfio M. Ajello L. Baldini J. Ballet C. Bartolini J. Becerra Gonzalez R. Bellazzini E. Bissaldi R. Bonino P. Bruel R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo F. Casaburo F. Casini D. Castro E. Cavazzuti S. Ciprini G. Cozzolongo P. Cristarella Orestano F. Cuna S. Cutini F. D’Ammando D. Depalo N. Di Lalla A. Dinesh L. Di Venere A. Domínguez J. Eagle A. Fiori Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano C. Gasbarra D. Gasparrini S. Germani F. Giacchino N. Giglietto M. Giliberti F. Giordano M. Giroletti D. Green I. A. Grenier M.-H. Grondin S. Guiriec R. Gupta A. K. Harding M. Hashizume E. Hays J. W. Hewitt D. Horan X. Hou T. Kayanoki M. Kuss A. Laviron M. Lemoine-Goumard A. Liguori J. Li I. Liodakis P. Loizzo F. Longo F. Loparco L. Lorusso M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano S. Maldera D. Malyshev G. Martí-Devesa M. N. Mazziotta I. Mereu P. F. Michelson N. Mirabal T. Mizuno P. Monti-Guarnieri M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko N. Omodei E. Orlando D. Paneque G. Panzarini M. Persic M. Pesce-Rollins R. Pillera T. A. Porter G. Principe S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer M. Sánchez-Conde P. M. Saz Parkinson D. Serini C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli A. W. Strong H. Tajima J. B. Thayer L. Tibaldo D. F. Torres J. Valverde K. Wood G. Zaharijas W. Zhang |
| author_facet | The Fermi-LAT Collaboration A. Acharyya A. Adelfio M. Ajello L. Baldini J. Ballet C. Bartolini J. Becerra Gonzalez R. Bellazzini E. Bissaldi R. Bonino P. Bruel R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo F. Casaburo F. Casini D. Castro E. Cavazzuti S. Ciprini G. Cozzolongo P. Cristarella Orestano F. Cuna S. Cutini F. D’Ammando D. Depalo N. Di Lalla A. Dinesh L. Di Venere A. Domínguez J. Eagle A. Fiori Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano C. Gasbarra D. Gasparrini S. Germani F. Giacchino N. Giglietto M. Giliberti F. Giordano M. Giroletti D. Green I. A. Grenier M.-H. Grondin S. Guiriec R. Gupta A. K. Harding M. Hashizume E. Hays J. W. Hewitt D. Horan X. Hou T. Kayanoki M. Kuss A. Laviron M. Lemoine-Goumard A. Liguori J. Li I. Liodakis P. Loizzo F. Longo F. Loparco L. Lorusso M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano S. Maldera D. Malyshev G. Martí-Devesa M. N. Mazziotta I. Mereu P. F. Michelson N. Mirabal T. Mizuno P. Monti-Guarnieri M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko N. Omodei E. Orlando D. Paneque G. Panzarini M. Persic M. Pesce-Rollins R. Pillera T. A. Porter G. Principe S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer M. Sánchez-Conde P. M. Saz Parkinson D. Serini C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli A. W. Strong H. Tajima J. B. Thayer L. Tibaldo D. F. Torres J. Valverde K. Wood G. Zaharijas W. Zhang |
| author_sort | The Fermi-LAT Collaboration |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An increasing number of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are being identified in the TeV band by ground-based Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes such that they constitute the dominant source class of Galactic TeV emitters. However, MeV–GeV PWN counterparts are still largely lacking. To date, only a dozen PWNe are identified by the Fermi–Large Area Telescope (LAT) in the MeV–GeV band. Most PWNe are located along the Galactic plane embedded within the prominent, diffuse Galactic γ -ray emission, which makes these sources difficult to disentangle from the bright diffuse background. We present a systematic search for γ -ray counterparts to known PWNe in the 300 MeV–2 TeV energy band using the Fermi–LAT. We target the locations of previously identified PWNe that lack detected Fermi–LAT pulsars to minimize associated pulsar contamination. The sample includes six previously identified Fermi PWNe and eight Fermi–LAT sources associated with PWNe. We report the analysis of 58 regions of interest and classify Fermi–LAT detected sources as either a likely PWN or a candidate PWN counterpart based on their morphological and spectral characteristics across the broadband spectrum. There are nine unidentified Fermi–LAT sources that we consider as likely PWN counterparts, which, if confirmed to be PWNe, would greatly increase the PWN population detected by the Fermi–LAT from 12 to 21. The remaining Fermi–LAT detected sources are considered weaker PWN candidates. A second approach in the systematic search for γ -ray emitting PWNe will involve studying the off-pulse phases of Fermi–LAT detected pulsars for the presence of an obscured PWN and will be reported in a subsequent paper. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-02160876d2864c6aaeb0bf45e8a6d6a1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-02160876d2864c6aaeb0bf45e8a6d6a12025-08-20T04:01:08ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01989111010.3847/1538-4357/ade8f0A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected PulsarsThe Fermi-LAT CollaborationA. Acharyya0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-9230A. Adelfio1M. Ajello2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6584-1703L. Baldini3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9785-7726J. Ballet4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-2977C. Bartolini5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-9546J. Becerra Gonzalez6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-9022R. Bellazzini7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-7063E. Bissaldi8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-8106R. Bonino9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-1215P. Bruel10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-7941R. A. Cameron11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-2747P. A. Caraveo12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-8018F. Casaburo13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-9322F. Casini14D. Castro15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-3173E. Cavazzuti16https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-9638S. Ciprini17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-2479G. Cozzolongo18https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3324-0292P. Cristarella Orestano19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3219-608XF. Cuna20S. Cutini21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-2924F. D’Ammando22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7618-7527D. Depalo23N. Di Lalla24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298A. Dinesh25L. Di Venere26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-824XA. Domínguez27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3433-4610J. Eagle28https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-3165A. Fiori29https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3174-0688Y. Fukazawa30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-8837S. Funk31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2012-0080P. Fusco32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9383-2425F. Gargano33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5055-6395C. Gasbarra34https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9614D. Gasparrini35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-9495S. Germani36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-6811F. Giacchino37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-6884N. Giglietto38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-2888M. Giliberti39https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2835-2963F. Giordano40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8651-2394M. Giroletti41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-8852D. Green42https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0768-2203I. A. Grenier43https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-674XM.-H. Grondin44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8383-251XS. Guiriec45https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-8770R. Gupta46https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-7801A. K. Harding47M. Hashizume48https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4534-9361E. Hays49https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-593XJ. W. Hewitt50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-6346D. Horan51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5574-2579X. Hou52https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-6101T. Kayanoki53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-9274M. Kuss54https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1212-9998A. Laviron55https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-7950M. Lemoine-Goumard56https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4462-3686A. Liguori57https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4240-6362J. Li58https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-9727I. Liodakis59https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-4006P. Loizzo60https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-760XF. Longo61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-2270F. Loparco62https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1173-5673L. Lorusso63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2549-4401M. N. Lovellette64https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-5113P. Lubrano65https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-4806S. Maldera66https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-4421D. Malyshev67https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9102-4854G. Martí-Devesa68https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-6473M. N. Mazziotta69https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-4672I. Mereu70https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-4534P. F. Michelson71https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1321-5620N. Mirabal72https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-5838T. Mizuno73https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-0296P. Monti-Guarnieri74https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-1282M. E. Monzani75https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-5308A. Morselli76https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7704-9553I. V. Moskalenko77https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6141-458XN. Omodei78https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-7577E. Orlando79https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-9910D. Paneque80https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-0502G. Panzarini81https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-1021M. Persic82https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-4900M. Pesce-Rollins83https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-8018R. Pillera84https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-963XT. A. Porter85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2621-4440G. Principe86https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0406-7387S. Rainò87https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9181-0345R. Rando88https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6992-818XM. Razzano89https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4825-1629A. Reimer90https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8604-7077O. Reimer91https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6953-1385M. Sánchez-Conde92https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3849-9164P. M. Saz Parkinson93https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-1246D. Serini94https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-6530C. Sgrò95https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-6214E. J. Siskind96https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-2553G. Spandre97https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-3453P. Spinelli98https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-8864A. W. Strong99https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3799-5489H. Tajima100https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-7252J. B. Thayer101https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-1677L. Tibaldo102https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-570XD. F. Torres103https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-9065J. Valverde104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8090-6528K. Wood105https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-3151G. Zaharijas106https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8484-7791W. Zhang107https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2839-1325Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, DenmarkIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USAUniversità di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, ItalyUniversité Paris-Saclay , Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France ; jean.ballet@cea.frIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Università degli studi di Trento , via Calepina 14, 38122 Trento, ItalyInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Universidad de La Laguna , Dpto. Astrofísica, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, ItalyLaboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , 91120 Palaiseau, FranceW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano , via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza , Piazzale A. Moro, 2, I-00185 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, ItalyHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; daniel.castro@cfa.harvard.edu; Astrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.govItalian Space Agency , Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, ItalyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität , Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, ItalyINAF Istituto di Radioastronomia , I-40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAGrupo de Altas Energías, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, SpainIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyGrupo de Altas Energías, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, SpainAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.gov; Department of Physics & Astronomy, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Harvard & Smithsonian—Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAUniversità di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata ,” I-00133 Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Pascoli snc, I-06123 Perugia, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyINAF Istituto di Radioastronomia , I-40129 Bologna, ItalyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, GermanyUniversité Paris Cité , Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceUniversité Bordeaux , CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, FranceAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.gov; The George Washington University , Department of Physics, 725 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USAAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.govLos Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM 87545, USADepartment of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.govUniversity of North Florida , Department of Physics, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USALaboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , 91120 Palaiseau, FranceYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650216, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, ItalyLaboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , 91120 Palaiseau, FranceUniversité Bordeaux , CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, FranceIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyCAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaNASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USAIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Università degli studi di Trento , via Calepina 14, 38122 Trento, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyThe Aerospace Corporation , 14745 Lee Road, Chantilly, VA 20151, USAIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, ItalyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, ItalyW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.gov; Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USAHiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, ItalyW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Vatican Observatory , Castel Gandolfo, V-00120, Vatican City StateIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, ItalyW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, ItalyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, GermanyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USADipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, Italy; INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via P. Gobetti, 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova , Via F. Marzolo, 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy; Center for Space Studies and Activities “G. Colombo,” University of Padova , Via Venezia 15, I-35131 Padova, ItalyUniversità di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, ItalyInstitut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik , Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaInstitut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik , Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaInstituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, SpainSanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USAIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, ItalyNYCB Real-Time Computing Inc. , Lattingtown, NY 11560-1025, USAIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, ItalyMax-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik , D-85748 Garching, GermanyNagoya University , Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, JapanW. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAIRAP, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, UPS, CNES, F-31028 Toulouse, FranceInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain ; dtorres@ice.csic.es, zhang@ice.csic.es; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , E-08010 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, SpainAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA ; jordan.l.eagle@nasa.gov; Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USAPraxis Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, Resident at Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, USACenter for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica , Nova Gorica, SloveniaInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain ; dtorres@ice.csic.es, zhang@ice.csic.es; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, SpainAn increasing number of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are being identified in the TeV band by ground-based Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes such that they constitute the dominant source class of Galactic TeV emitters. However, MeV–GeV PWN counterparts are still largely lacking. To date, only a dozen PWNe are identified by the Fermi–Large Area Telescope (LAT) in the MeV–GeV band. Most PWNe are located along the Galactic plane embedded within the prominent, diffuse Galactic γ -ray emission, which makes these sources difficult to disentangle from the bright diffuse background. We present a systematic search for γ -ray counterparts to known PWNe in the 300 MeV–2 TeV energy band using the Fermi–LAT. We target the locations of previously identified PWNe that lack detected Fermi–LAT pulsars to minimize associated pulsar contamination. The sample includes six previously identified Fermi PWNe and eight Fermi–LAT sources associated with PWNe. We report the analysis of 58 regions of interest and classify Fermi–LAT detected sources as either a likely PWN or a candidate PWN counterpart based on their morphological and spectral characteristics across the broadband spectrum. There are nine unidentified Fermi–LAT sources that we consider as likely PWN counterparts, which, if confirmed to be PWNe, would greatly increase the PWN population detected by the Fermi–LAT from 12 to 21. The remaining Fermi–LAT detected sources are considered weaker PWN candidates. A second approach in the systematic search for γ -ray emitting PWNe will involve studying the off-pulse phases of Fermi–LAT detected pulsars for the presence of an obscured PWN and will be reported in a subsequent paper.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade8f0Gamma-ray astronomyPulsar wind nebulaeHigh energy astrophysicsCore-collapse supernovae |
| spellingShingle | The Fermi-LAT Collaboration A. Acharyya A. Adelfio M. Ajello L. Baldini J. Ballet C. Bartolini J. Becerra Gonzalez R. Bellazzini E. Bissaldi R. Bonino P. Bruel R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo F. Casaburo F. Casini D. Castro E. Cavazzuti S. Ciprini G. Cozzolongo P. Cristarella Orestano F. Cuna S. Cutini F. D’Ammando D. Depalo N. Di Lalla A. Dinesh L. Di Venere A. Domínguez J. Eagle A. Fiori Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano C. Gasbarra D. Gasparrini S. Germani F. Giacchino N. Giglietto M. Giliberti F. Giordano M. Giroletti D. Green I. A. Grenier M.-H. Grondin S. Guiriec R. Gupta A. K. Harding M. Hashizume E. Hays J. W. Hewitt D. Horan X. Hou T. Kayanoki M. Kuss A. Laviron M. Lemoine-Goumard A. Liguori J. Li I. Liodakis P. Loizzo F. Longo F. Loparco L. Lorusso M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano S. Maldera D. Malyshev G. Martí-Devesa M. N. Mazziotta I. Mereu P. F. Michelson N. Mirabal T. Mizuno P. Monti-Guarnieri M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko N. Omodei E. Orlando D. Paneque G. Panzarini M. Persic M. Pesce-Rollins R. Pillera T. A. Porter G. Principe S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer M. Sánchez-Conde P. M. Saz Parkinson D. Serini C. Sgrò E. J. Siskind G. Spandre P. Spinelli A. W. Strong H. Tajima J. B. Thayer L. Tibaldo D. F. Torres J. Valverde K. Wood G. Zaharijas W. Zhang A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars The Astrophysical Journal Gamma-ray astronomy Pulsar wind nebulae High energy astrophysics Core-collapse supernovae |
| title | A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars |
| title_full | A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars |
| title_fullStr | A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars |
| title_short | A Systematic Search for MeV–GeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae without Gamma-Ray Detected Pulsars |
| title_sort | systematic search for mev gev pulsar wind nebulae without gamma ray detected pulsars |
| topic | Gamma-ray astronomy Pulsar wind nebulae High energy astrophysics Core-collapse supernovae |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade8f0 |
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