The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a fatal microorganism for a variety of cyprinid fish species, sparking off enormous economic losses in freshwater fish aquaculture. For alleviating losses, immersion vaccination is an extremely promising maneuver to prevent and curb on SVCV infection. In our pr...

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Main Authors: Han Zhang, Pan-pan Zhang, Xin-Xin Liu, Hai-hua Peng, Qun Liu, Jun Wang, Bin Zhu, Yong-Can Zhou, Yun Sun, Chen Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-12-01
Series:Nano TransMed
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2790676025000081
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author Han Zhang
Pan-pan Zhang
Xin-Xin Liu
Hai-hua Peng
Qun Liu
Jun Wang
Bin Zhu
Yong-Can Zhou
Yun Sun
Chen Zhang
author_facet Han Zhang
Pan-pan Zhang
Xin-Xin Liu
Hai-hua Peng
Qun Liu
Jun Wang
Bin Zhu
Yong-Can Zhou
Yun Sun
Chen Zhang
author_sort Han Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a fatal microorganism for a variety of cyprinid fish species, sparking off enormous economic losses in freshwater fish aquaculture. For alleviating losses, immersion vaccination is an extremely promising maneuver to prevent and curb on SVCV infection. In our previous research, we designed a modular immersion nanovaccine (LSG-TDH) targeting SVCV, and found that it could induce not merely mucosal immunity but systemic immune responses in zebrafish. Nevertheless, our previous research was unable to elaborate on how LSG-TDH were taken up by the cells. Thereby, this study aimed to investigate its transmembrane transport mechanism in vitro using epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and macrophages as models. The transmembrane transport mechanism of LSG-TDH on EPC cells and macrophages was analyzed by cell fluorescence, flow cytometry and chemical inhibitor experiments. The results showed that the entry of LSG-TDH into cells was time-dependent and energy-dependent. Chlorpromazine significantly inhibited the transmembrane transport of LSG-TDH. The contents of LSG-TDH into EPC cells and macrophages after treated with chlorpromazine decreased by 80 % and 71 %, respectively. It is indicated that the transmembrane transport of LSG-TDH was mainly achieved through clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This study provides a reference for the delivery mechanism of aquatic nanovaccine, which has important scientific significance and application prospect.
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spelling doaj-art-01a264b8a22b4597a60ef3c8a14f22662025-08-20T02:59:53ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Nano TransMed2790-67602025-12-01410007710.1016/j.ntm.2025.100077The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccineHan Zhang0Pan-pan Zhang1Xin-Xin Liu2Hai-hua Peng3Qun Liu4Jun Wang5Bin Zhu6Yong-Can Zhou7Yun Sun8Chen Zhang9School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, ChinaBureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of GuangRao, Dongying, Shandong, ChinaBureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of GuangRao, Dongying, Shandong, ChinaLaboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&∼F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hakou 570228, China; Corresponding author.Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a fatal microorganism for a variety of cyprinid fish species, sparking off enormous economic losses in freshwater fish aquaculture. For alleviating losses, immersion vaccination is an extremely promising maneuver to prevent and curb on SVCV infection. In our previous research, we designed a modular immersion nanovaccine (LSG-TDH) targeting SVCV, and found that it could induce not merely mucosal immunity but systemic immune responses in zebrafish. Nevertheless, our previous research was unable to elaborate on how LSG-TDH were taken up by the cells. Thereby, this study aimed to investigate its transmembrane transport mechanism in vitro using epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and macrophages as models. The transmembrane transport mechanism of LSG-TDH on EPC cells and macrophages was analyzed by cell fluorescence, flow cytometry and chemical inhibitor experiments. The results showed that the entry of LSG-TDH into cells was time-dependent and energy-dependent. Chlorpromazine significantly inhibited the transmembrane transport of LSG-TDH. The contents of LSG-TDH into EPC cells and macrophages after treated with chlorpromazine decreased by 80 % and 71 %, respectively. It is indicated that the transmembrane transport of LSG-TDH was mainly achieved through clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This study provides a reference for the delivery mechanism of aquatic nanovaccine, which has important scientific significance and application prospect.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2790676025000081Spring viremia of carp virusNanovaccineTransmembrane transportMechanismsEndocytosis
spellingShingle Han Zhang
Pan-pan Zhang
Xin-Xin Liu
Hai-hua Peng
Qun Liu
Jun Wang
Bin Zhu
Yong-Can Zhou
Yun Sun
Chen Zhang
The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine
Nano TransMed
Spring viremia of carp virus
Nanovaccine
Transmembrane transport
Mechanisms
Endocytosis
title The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine
title_full The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine
title_fullStr The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine
title_full_unstemmed The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine
title_short The delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of SVCV nanovaccine
title_sort delivery and transmembrane transport mechanism of svcv nanovaccine
topic Spring viremia of carp virus
Nanovaccine
Transmembrane transport
Mechanisms
Endocytosis
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2790676025000081
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