In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis

Introduction: Warts are dermal disorders resulting from HPV infection and can be transmitted by direct contact. Existing treatment approaches, such as topical treatment with salicylate, have low efficiency and demonstrate side effects. Thus, the discovery of potent drug treatments for skin warts is...

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Main Authors: Navid Kashani, Amir Sabbaghian, Khadijeh Ahmadi, Mahdi Aalikhani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687157X25000290
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author Navid Kashani
Amir Sabbaghian
Khadijeh Ahmadi
Mahdi Aalikhani
author_facet Navid Kashani
Amir Sabbaghian
Khadijeh Ahmadi
Mahdi Aalikhani
author_sort Navid Kashani
collection DOAJ
description Introduction: Warts are dermal disorders resulting from HPV infection and can be transmitted by direct contact. Existing treatment approaches, such as topical treatment with salicylate, have low efficiency and demonstrate side effects. Thus, the discovery of potent drug treatments for skin warts is necessary. Here we propose the use of alternative medications for the possible treatment of skin warts with the help of comparative transcriptome analysis and drug repurposing approaches. Methods: Gene expression datasets related to HPV-induced warts and cervical cancer were extracted from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using DESeq2 in the Galaxy database. Upregulated DEGs were assessed for druggability using the DGIdb tool. Gene ontology and enrichment analysis were performed to investigate the characteristics of druggable DEGs. A molecular docking virtual screening was conducted using PyRx software to identify potential therapeutic targets for skin warts. The interactions between selected drug candidates and the target protein were analyzed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The physicochemical characteristics of potential pharmaceuticals were evaluated using the SwissADME database. Finally, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to validate the stability and dynamic behavior of drug-protein interactions. Results: Based on the findings from gene expression profiling, Integrin Alpha-X (ITGAX, CD11c) has been identified as a candidate protein that is significantly upregulated in individuals afflicted with skin warts. Integrin Alpha-X plays a crucial role in mediating intercellular interactions during inflammatory processes and notably enhances the adhesion and chemotactic activity of monocytes. Through molecular docking, MD, and physicochemical analyses, it has been demonstrated that dihydroergotamine effectively inhibits the ITGAX protein, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the management of skin warts. Conclusion: Dihydroergotamine can be repurposed as a potential drug in the treatment of skin warts by targeting Integrin Alpha-X protein.
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spelling doaj-art-01473bd08dfd421280a374aa9b8f5ee32025-08-20T02:10:53ZengElsevierJournal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology1687-157X2025-06-0123210048510.1016/j.jgeb.2025.100485In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysisNavid Kashani0Amir Sabbaghian1Khadijeh Ahmadi2Mahdi Aalikhani3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Azad University Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, IranGuoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IranDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Corresponding author.Introduction: Warts are dermal disorders resulting from HPV infection and can be transmitted by direct contact. Existing treatment approaches, such as topical treatment with salicylate, have low efficiency and demonstrate side effects. Thus, the discovery of potent drug treatments for skin warts is necessary. Here we propose the use of alternative medications for the possible treatment of skin warts with the help of comparative transcriptome analysis and drug repurposing approaches. Methods: Gene expression datasets related to HPV-induced warts and cervical cancer were extracted from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using DESeq2 in the Galaxy database. Upregulated DEGs were assessed for druggability using the DGIdb tool. Gene ontology and enrichment analysis were performed to investigate the characteristics of druggable DEGs. A molecular docking virtual screening was conducted using PyRx software to identify potential therapeutic targets for skin warts. The interactions between selected drug candidates and the target protein were analyzed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The physicochemical characteristics of potential pharmaceuticals were evaluated using the SwissADME database. Finally, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to validate the stability and dynamic behavior of drug-protein interactions. Results: Based on the findings from gene expression profiling, Integrin Alpha-X (ITGAX, CD11c) has been identified as a candidate protein that is significantly upregulated in individuals afflicted with skin warts. Integrin Alpha-X plays a crucial role in mediating intercellular interactions during inflammatory processes and notably enhances the adhesion and chemotactic activity of monocytes. Through molecular docking, MD, and physicochemical analyses, it has been demonstrated that dihydroergotamine effectively inhibits the ITGAX protein, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the management of skin warts. Conclusion: Dihydroergotamine can be repurposed as a potential drug in the treatment of skin warts by targeting Integrin Alpha-X protein.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687157X25000290Gene expression analysisHPVMolecular dockingRNA-sequencingSkin wart
spellingShingle Navid Kashani
Amir Sabbaghian
Khadijeh Ahmadi
Mahdi Aalikhani
In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis
Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Gene expression analysis
HPV
Molecular docking
RNA-sequencing
Skin wart
title In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis
title_full In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis
title_fullStr In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis
title_full_unstemmed In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis
title_short In silico drug repurposing for potential HPV-induced skin wart treatment − A comparative transcriptome analysis
title_sort in silico drug repurposing for potential hpv induced skin wart treatment a comparative transcriptome analysis
topic Gene expression analysis
HPV
Molecular docking
RNA-sequencing
Skin wart
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687157X25000290
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