Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images
Segmentation of the Optic Disc (OD) and Optic Cup (OC) boundaries in fundus images is a critical step for early glaucoma diagnosis, but accurate segmentation is challenging due to low boundary contrast and significant anatomical variability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel s...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5165 |
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| author | Soohyun Wang Byoungkug Kim Doo-Seop Eom |
| author_facet | Soohyun Wang Byoungkug Kim Doo-Seop Eom |
| author_sort | Soohyun Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Segmentation of the Optic Disc (OD) and Optic Cup (OC) boundaries in fundus images is a critical step for early glaucoma diagnosis, but accurate segmentation is challenging due to low boundary contrast and significant anatomical variability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel segmentation framework that integrates structure-preserving data augmentation, Boundary-aware Transformer Attention (BAT), and Geometry-aware Loss. We enhance data diversity while preserving vascular and tissue structures through truncated Gaussian-based sampling and colormap transformations. BAT strengthens boundary recognition by globally learning the inclusion relationship between the OD and OC within the skip connection paths of U-Net. Additionally, Geometry-aware Loss, which combines the normalized Hausdorff Distance with the Dice Loss, reduces fine-grained boundary errors and improves boundary precision. The proposed model outperforms existing state-of-the-art models across five public datasets—DRIONS-DB, Drishti-GS, REFUGE, G1020, and ORIGA—and achieves Dice scores of 0.9127 on Drishti-GS and 0.9014 on REFUGE for OC segmentation. For joint segmentation of the OD and OC, it attains high Dice scores of 0.9892 on REFUGE, 0.9782 on G1020, and 0.9879 on ORIGA. Ablation studies validate the independent contributions of each component and demonstrate their synergistic effect when combined. Furthermore, the proposed model more accurately captures the relative size and spatial alignment of the OD and OC and produces smooth and consistent boundary predictions in clinically significant regions such as the region of interest (ROI). These results support the clinical applicability of the proposed method in medical image analysis tasks requiring precise, boundary-focused segmentation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-00be52e84cdd4cfa9abc2fd28a2726a1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-00be52e84cdd4cfa9abc2fd28a2726a12025-08-20T02:59:11ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-05-01159516510.3390/app15095165Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus ImagesSoohyun Wang0Byoungkug Kim1Doo-Seop Eom2AI Development Team, Sensorway, 140 Tongil-ro, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si 10594, Republic of KoreaDivision of Computer Science and Engineering, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Convergence Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaSegmentation of the Optic Disc (OD) and Optic Cup (OC) boundaries in fundus images is a critical step for early glaucoma diagnosis, but accurate segmentation is challenging due to low boundary contrast and significant anatomical variability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel segmentation framework that integrates structure-preserving data augmentation, Boundary-aware Transformer Attention (BAT), and Geometry-aware Loss. We enhance data diversity while preserving vascular and tissue structures through truncated Gaussian-based sampling and colormap transformations. BAT strengthens boundary recognition by globally learning the inclusion relationship between the OD and OC within the skip connection paths of U-Net. Additionally, Geometry-aware Loss, which combines the normalized Hausdorff Distance with the Dice Loss, reduces fine-grained boundary errors and improves boundary precision. The proposed model outperforms existing state-of-the-art models across five public datasets—DRIONS-DB, Drishti-GS, REFUGE, G1020, and ORIGA—and achieves Dice scores of 0.9127 on Drishti-GS and 0.9014 on REFUGE for OC segmentation. For joint segmentation of the OD and OC, it attains high Dice scores of 0.9892 on REFUGE, 0.9782 on G1020, and 0.9879 on ORIGA. Ablation studies validate the independent contributions of each component and demonstrate their synergistic effect when combined. Furthermore, the proposed model more accurately captures the relative size and spatial alignment of the OD and OC and produces smooth and consistent boundary predictions in clinically significant regions such as the region of interest (ROI). These results support the clinical applicability of the proposed method in medical image analysis tasks requiring precise, boundary-focused segmentation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5165fundus imageoptic discoptic cupboundary-aware transformer attentiongeometry-aware lossstructure-preserving data augmentation |
| spellingShingle | Soohyun Wang Byoungkug Kim Doo-Seop Eom Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images Applied Sciences fundus image optic disc optic cup boundary-aware transformer attention geometry-aware loss structure-preserving data augmentation |
| title | Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images |
| title_full | Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images |
| title_fullStr | Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images |
| title_full_unstemmed | Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images |
| title_short | Boundary-Aware Transformer for Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation in Fundus Images |
| title_sort | boundary aware transformer for optic cup and disc segmentation in fundus images |
| topic | fundus image optic disc optic cup boundary-aware transformer attention geometry-aware loss structure-preserving data augmentation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/9/5165 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT soohyunwang boundaryawaretransformerforopticcupanddiscsegmentationinfundusimages AT byoungkugkim boundaryawaretransformerforopticcupanddiscsegmentationinfundusimages AT dooseopeom boundaryawaretransformerforopticcupanddiscsegmentationinfundusimages |