Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation
Interactions between bacteriophages with mammalian immune cells are of great interest and most phages possess at least one molecular pattern (nucleic acid, sugar residue, or protein structure) that is recognizable to the immune system through pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors (i...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/134 |
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| author | Amanda Carroll-Portillo October Barnes Cristina N. Coffman Cody A. Braun Sudha B. Singh Henry C. Lin |
| author_facet | Amanda Carroll-Portillo October Barnes Cristina N. Coffman Cody A. Braun Sudha B. Singh Henry C. Lin |
| author_sort | Amanda Carroll-Portillo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Interactions between bacteriophages with mammalian immune cells are of great interest and most phages possess at least one molecular pattern (nucleic acid, sugar residue, or protein structure) that is recognizable to the immune system through pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors (i.e., TLRs). Given that phages reside in the same body niches as bacteria, they share the propensity to stimulate or quench immune responses depending on the nature of their interactions with host immune cells. While most in vitro research focuses on the outcomes of direct application of phages to immune cells of interest, the potential impact of their transcytosis through the intestinal barrier has yet to be considered. As transcytosis through intestinal cells is a necessary step in healthy systems for access by phage to the underlying immune cell populations, it is imperative to understand how this step may play a role in immune activation. We compared the activation of macrophages (as measured by TNFα secretion) following direct phage application to those stimulated by incubation with phage transcytosed through a polarized Caco2 epithelial barrier model. Our results demonstrate that phages capable of activating TNFα secretion upon direct contact maintain the stimulatory capability following transcytosis. Furthermore, activation of macrophages by a transcytosed phage is enhanced as compared to that occurring with an equivalent multiplicity of directly applied phage. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-009e8c6efc5140f9995592f321d7b016 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-009e8c6efc5140f9995592f321d7b0162025-01-24T13:52:42ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-01-0117113410.3390/v17010134Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune ActivationAmanda Carroll-Portillo0October Barnes1Cristina N. Coffman2Cody A. Braun3Sudha B. Singh4Henry C. Lin5Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USABiomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USABiomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USABiomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USABiomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USADivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USAInteractions between bacteriophages with mammalian immune cells are of great interest and most phages possess at least one molecular pattern (nucleic acid, sugar residue, or protein structure) that is recognizable to the immune system through pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors (i.e., TLRs). Given that phages reside in the same body niches as bacteria, they share the propensity to stimulate or quench immune responses depending on the nature of their interactions with host immune cells. While most in vitro research focuses on the outcomes of direct application of phages to immune cells of interest, the potential impact of their transcytosis through the intestinal barrier has yet to be considered. As transcytosis through intestinal cells is a necessary step in healthy systems for access by phage to the underlying immune cell populations, it is imperative to understand how this step may play a role in immune activation. We compared the activation of macrophages (as measured by TNFα secretion) following direct phage application to those stimulated by incubation with phage transcytosed through a polarized Caco2 epithelial barrier model. Our results demonstrate that phages capable of activating TNFα secretion upon direct contact maintain the stimulatory capability following transcytosis. Furthermore, activation of macrophages by a transcytosed phage is enhanced as compared to that occurring with an equivalent multiplicity of directly applied phage.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/134bacteriophagetranscytosismacrophageTNFαT4polarized Caco2 |
| spellingShingle | Amanda Carroll-Portillo October Barnes Cristina N. Coffman Cody A. Braun Sudha B. Singh Henry C. Lin Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation Viruses bacteriophage transcytosis macrophage TNFα T4 polarized Caco2 |
| title | Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation |
| title_full | Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation |
| title_fullStr | Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation |
| title_short | Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation |
| title_sort | transcytosis of t4 bacteriophage through intestinal cells enhances its immune activation |
| topic | bacteriophage transcytosis macrophage TNFα T4 polarized Caco2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/1/134 |
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