Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds

This study investigated the effects of three mulch types (straw, vermicompost and “plastic”) plus an untreated control, and three irrigation regimes (RFD: rainfed conditions; SIF: one supplemental irrigation at the flowering stage; SIVF: two supplemental irrigations at the vegetative and flowering s...

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Main Authors: Elnaz Moazzamnia, Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh, Aria Dolatabadian, Otilia Cristina Murariu, Maura Sannino, Gianluca Caruso, Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Crops
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7655/5/3/37
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author Elnaz Moazzamnia
Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh
Aria Dolatabadian
Otilia Cristina Murariu
Maura Sannino
Gianluca Caruso
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
author_facet Elnaz Moazzamnia
Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh
Aria Dolatabadian
Otilia Cristina Murariu
Maura Sannino
Gianluca Caruso
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
author_sort Elnaz Moazzamnia
collection DOAJ
description This study investigated the effects of three mulch types (straw, vermicompost and “plastic”) plus an untreated control, and three irrigation regimes (RFD: rainfed conditions; SIF: one supplemental irrigation at the flowering stage; SIVF: two supplemental irrigations at the vegetative and flowering stages) on the growth, seed yield, oil composition, and biochemical status of linseed (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.). Linseed plants were best affected by SIVF and straw mulch in terms of seed yield (300 and 222.4 g m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively), biomass yield (887.9 and 703 g m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively), and concentration of oleic and linoleic acids. Under rainfed conditions, “plastic” mulch application increased stearic acid concentrations, while SIF increased palmitic acid concentrations. Rainfed conditions promoted the accumulation of proline (10.1 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight), total phenols (6.68 mg g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight), and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (56.5%). Under RFD, plants grown in straw-mulched soil showed the highest total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity, while control (unmulched) plants displayed the highest proline concentration at this irrigation regime. Enzyme activities, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, were enhanced under straw and “plastic” mulch compared to control plants under rainfed conditions. Our findings suggest that straw mulch represents an effective, sustainable strategy to successfully manage linseed crops, mitigating the adverse effects of water deficit stress on plant performance.
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spelling doaj-art-0095d137199442b4a0968f29db26c4e02025-08-20T02:24:29ZengMDPI AGCrops2673-76552025-06-01533710.3390/crops5030037Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil CompoundsElnaz Moazzamnia0Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh1Aria Dolatabadian2Otilia Cristina Murariu3Maura Sannino4Gianluca Caruso5Kadambot H. M. Siddique6Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 57179, IranDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 57179, IranSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaDepartment of Food Technologies, ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, RomaniaDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, ItalyThe UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, AustraliaThis study investigated the effects of three mulch types (straw, vermicompost and “plastic”) plus an untreated control, and three irrigation regimes (RFD: rainfed conditions; SIF: one supplemental irrigation at the flowering stage; SIVF: two supplemental irrigations at the vegetative and flowering stages) on the growth, seed yield, oil composition, and biochemical status of linseed (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.). Linseed plants were best affected by SIVF and straw mulch in terms of seed yield (300 and 222.4 g m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively), biomass yield (887.9 and 703 g m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively), and concentration of oleic and linoleic acids. Under rainfed conditions, “plastic” mulch application increased stearic acid concentrations, while SIF increased palmitic acid concentrations. Rainfed conditions promoted the accumulation of proline (10.1 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight), total phenols (6.68 mg g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight), and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (56.5%). Under RFD, plants grown in straw-mulched soil showed the highest total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity, while control (unmulched) plants displayed the highest proline concentration at this irrigation regime. Enzyme activities, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, were enhanced under straw and “plastic” mulch compared to control plants under rainfed conditions. Our findings suggest that straw mulch represents an effective, sustainable strategy to successfully manage linseed crops, mitigating the adverse effects of water deficit stress on plant performance.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7655/5/3/37<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.soil coverirrigation regimeantioxidant enzymesphenolicssoluble sugars
spellingShingle Elnaz Moazzamnia
Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh
Aria Dolatabadian
Otilia Cristina Murariu
Maura Sannino
Gianluca Caruso
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds
Crops
<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.
soil cover
irrigation regime
antioxidant enzymes
phenolics
soluble sugars
title Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds
title_full Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds
title_fullStr Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds
title_short Effects of Water Stress and Mulch Type on Linseed Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, and Oil Compounds
title_sort effects of water stress and mulch type on linseed seed yield physiological traits and oil compounds
topic <i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.
soil cover
irrigation regime
antioxidant enzymes
phenolics
soluble sugars
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7655/5/3/37
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