Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems

With the accelerating global transition toward sustainable energy, the role of battery energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes increasingly prominent. This study employs the isothermal battery calorimetry (IBC) measurement method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to develop a multi-dom...

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Main Authors: Zhe Lv, Zhonghao Sun, Lei Wang, Qi Liu, Jianbo Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Batteries
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/6/219
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author Zhe Lv
Zhonghao Sun
Lei Wang
Qi Liu
Jianbo Zhang
author_facet Zhe Lv
Zhonghao Sun
Lei Wang
Qi Liu
Jianbo Zhang
author_sort Zhe Lv
collection DOAJ
description With the accelerating global transition toward sustainable energy, the role of battery energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes increasingly prominent. This study employs the isothermal battery calorimetry (IBC) measurement method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to develop a multi-domain thermal modeling framework for battery systems, spanning from individual cells to modules, clusters, and ultimately the container level. Experimental validation confirms the model’s accuracy, with the simulated maximum cell temperature of 36.2 °C showing only a 1.8 °C deviation from the measured value of 34.4 °C under real-world operating conditions. Furthermore, by integrating on-site calibrated thermodynamic parameters of the container, a battery system energy efficiency model is established. Combined with the battery aging engineering model, a coupled lifetime–energy efficiency model is constructed. Six different control strategies are simulated and analyzed to quantify the system’s comprehensive lifecycle benefits. The results demonstrate that the optimized control strategy enhances the overall energy storage station revenue by 2.63%, yielding an additional cumulative profit of CNY 13.676 million over the entire lifecycle. This research provides an effective simulation framework and decision-making basis for the thermal management optimization and economic evaluation of battery ESSs.
format Article
id doaj-art-00738fd673ca441997c6ac43e348cda8
institution Kabale University
issn 2313-0105
language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Batteries
spelling doaj-art-00738fd673ca441997c6ac43e348cda82025-08-20T03:32:27ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052025-06-0111621910.3390/batteries11060219Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage SystemsZhe Lv0Zhonghao Sun1Lei Wang2Qi Liu3Jianbo Zhang4Beijing HyperStrong Technology Co., Ltd., Building 2C, No. 9 Fenghao East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, ChinaBeijing HyperStrong Technology Co., Ltd., Building 2C, No. 9 Fenghao East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, ChinaBeijing HyperStrong Technology Co., Ltd., Building 2C, No. 9 Fenghao East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, ChinaSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaWith the accelerating global transition toward sustainable energy, the role of battery energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes increasingly prominent. This study employs the isothermal battery calorimetry (IBC) measurement method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to develop a multi-domain thermal modeling framework for battery systems, spanning from individual cells to modules, clusters, and ultimately the container level. Experimental validation confirms the model’s accuracy, with the simulated maximum cell temperature of 36.2 °C showing only a 1.8 °C deviation from the measured value of 34.4 °C under real-world operating conditions. Furthermore, by integrating on-site calibrated thermodynamic parameters of the container, a battery system energy efficiency model is established. Combined with the battery aging engineering model, a coupled lifetime–energy efficiency model is constructed. Six different control strategies are simulated and analyzed to quantify the system’s comprehensive lifecycle benefits. The results demonstrate that the optimized control strategy enhances the overall energy storage station revenue by 2.63%, yielding an additional cumulative profit of CNY 13.676 million over the entire lifecycle. This research provides an effective simulation framework and decision-making basis for the thermal management optimization and economic evaluation of battery ESSs.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/6/219battery energy storage systemsthermal modelcontrol strategy optimizationlife and energy efficiency coupled model
spellingShingle Zhe Lv
Zhonghao Sun
Lei Wang
Qi Liu
Jianbo Zhang
Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
Batteries
battery energy storage systems
thermal model
control strategy optimization
life and energy efficiency coupled model
title Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
title_full Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
title_fullStr Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
title_full_unstemmed Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
title_short Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
title_sort multi level thermal modeling and management of battery energy storage systems
topic battery energy storage systems
thermal model
control strategy optimization
life and energy efficiency coupled model
url https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/6/219
work_keys_str_mv AT zhelv multilevelthermalmodelingandmanagementofbatteryenergystoragesystems
AT zhonghaosun multilevelthermalmodelingandmanagementofbatteryenergystoragesystems
AT leiwang multilevelthermalmodelingandmanagementofbatteryenergystoragesystems
AT qiliu multilevelthermalmodelingandmanagementofbatteryenergystoragesystems
AT jianbozhang multilevelthermalmodelingandmanagementofbatteryenergystoragesystems