An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies

Inertia is a critical factor in maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. However, the growing integration of power electronics-based renewable energy sources (RESs) has significantly reduced system inertia. AC and dc microgrids have emerged as key solutions for integrating RESs. Unlike...

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Main Authors: Mahdis Haddadi, Saman A. Gorji, Samson S. Yu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10923700/
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author Mahdis Haddadi
Saman A. Gorji
Samson S. Yu
author_facet Mahdis Haddadi
Saman A. Gorji
Samson S. Yu
author_sort Mahdis Haddadi
collection DOAJ
description Inertia is a critical factor in maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. However, the growing integration of power electronics-based renewable energy sources (RESs) has significantly reduced system inertia. AC and dc microgrids have emerged as key solutions for integrating RESs. Unlike traditional synchronous generators, power electronic converters interfacing RESs lack inherent inertia and damping, posing challenges to the control and stability of these microgrids. To address these challenges, virtual inertia control strategies, which emulate the behavior of synchronous generators, have been widely adopted to enhance the stability of ac microgrids. Drawing on the analogies between ac and dc systems, similar virtual inertia concepts have been extended to dc microgrids, demonstrating their potential to improve system stability. This article provides a comprehensive review of inertia enhancement strategies for dc microgrids, examining their key features, benefits, and limitations. The analogy between synchronous generators/dc machines and energy storage systems is explored, with a particular focus on the implementation of virtual inertia and damping control in energy storage converters as a promising solution to mitigate power fluctuations. In addition, this article investigates the grid-forming and grid-following converter analogies in ac and dc microgrids. Various stability analysis methods applied to inertia enhancement strategies are also reviewed, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research. By addressing the conceptual and technical analogies between ac and dc systems, this review aims to provide valuable insights for developing advanced control strategies for next-generation microgrids.
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spelling doaj-art-00577f432cae46a180b52a4e5c9a2fcf2025-08-20T02:25:58ZengIEEEIEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society2644-12842025-01-01649152110.1109/OJIES.2025.355062510923700An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid AnalogiesMahdis Haddadi0https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5355-1316Saman A. Gorji1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8712-959XSamson S. Yu2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2983-7344School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, AustraliaSchool of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, AustraliaSchool of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, AustraliaInertia is a critical factor in maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. However, the growing integration of power electronics-based renewable energy sources (RESs) has significantly reduced system inertia. AC and dc microgrids have emerged as key solutions for integrating RESs. Unlike traditional synchronous generators, power electronic converters interfacing RESs lack inherent inertia and damping, posing challenges to the control and stability of these microgrids. To address these challenges, virtual inertia control strategies, which emulate the behavior of synchronous generators, have been widely adopted to enhance the stability of ac microgrids. Drawing on the analogies between ac and dc systems, similar virtual inertia concepts have been extended to dc microgrids, demonstrating their potential to improve system stability. This article provides a comprehensive review of inertia enhancement strategies for dc microgrids, examining their key features, benefits, and limitations. The analogy between synchronous generators/dc machines and energy storage systems is explored, with a particular focus on the implementation of virtual inertia and damping control in energy storage converters as a promising solution to mitigate power fluctuations. In addition, this article investigates the grid-forming and grid-following converter analogies in ac and dc microgrids. Various stability analysis methods applied to inertia enhancement strategies are also reviewed, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research. By addressing the conceptual and technical analogies between ac and dc systems, this review aims to provide valuable insights for developing advanced control strategies for next-generation microgrids.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10923700/AC and dc microgridscapacitorsenergy storage systems (ESSs)power convertersvirtual dc machine (VDCM)virtual inertia and damping control (VIDC)
spellingShingle Mahdis Haddadi
Saman A. Gorji
Samson S. Yu
An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies
IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society
AC and dc microgrids
capacitors
energy storage systems (ESSs)
power converters
virtual dc machine (VDCM)
virtual inertia and damping control (VIDC)
title An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies
title_full An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies
title_fullStr An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies
title_full_unstemmed An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies
title_short An Overview of Inertia Emulation Strategies for DC Microgrids: Stability Analysis and AC Microgrid Analogies
title_sort overview of inertia emulation strategies for dc microgrids stability analysis and ac microgrid analogies
topic AC and dc microgrids
capacitors
energy storage systems (ESSs)
power converters
virtual dc machine (VDCM)
virtual inertia and damping control (VIDC)
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10923700/
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