Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.)
Introduction[1] Pre-cultivated plants are types of plants that, after harvesting the economic part, the plant residuals are returned to the soil to increase the organic matter and to improve the next plant’s productivity. The use of plant residues can improve biological health by reducing the chemic...
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Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2025-09-01
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| author | Einollah Hesami Mohsen Jahan |
| author_facet | Einollah Hesami Mohsen Jahan |
| author_sort | Einollah Hesami |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction[1] Pre-cultivated plants are types of plants that, after harvesting the economic part, the plant residuals are returned to the soil to increase the organic matter and to improve the next plant’s productivity. The use of plant residues can improve biological health by reducing the chemical inputs used in agriculture. Due to the fact that in dry areas such as North Khuzestan, the role of pre-cultivated plants and the effect of their residues on growth and performance have been studied less, this research can be done in different humidity conditions before planting the main plant, and the effects of plant residues and their role on the qualitative characteristics and organic matter of the soil and the performance of plants such as corn are promising and help farmers and researchers. Material and Methods This experiment was conducted in two neighboring farms. In each year, two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years and two locations. Before planting corn in two fields, cultivation treatments and mixing residues of four plant species, including rice, cowpea, dill, eggplant, and fallow, were used as experimental treatments. After harvesting the pre-cultivation plant, investigate the effect of plant residues on some soil characteristics over time. In order to determine the amount of moisture stored in the soil, in two stages before planting and in the middle of the corn growing season, the percentage of soil moisture by weight was calculated. To determine the organic carbon content in the soil before planting and during the mid-growth stage of the corn plant, organic carbon was oxidized using potassium dichromate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by titration with semi-normal ammonium ferrous sulfate in the presence of the ortho phenanthroline reagent (Walkley, 1934). Additionally, soil nitrogen was measured in the laboratory using the Kjeldahl method (Pag et al., 1982). Results and DiscussionIn both farms, the stability of the soil grains in the second year was higher than in the first year, which is due to the placement of organic materials of plant residues in the structure of the soil grains (Koocheki et al., 2020). Soil stability increased in both farms in the second year, with the difference that the soil stability increased by 64% in WET Planting and 50% in dry Planting. In the first and second years, respectively, there was a 35 and 29% increase in soil moisture compared to the control. The results of this research showed that the positive effect of plant residues in improving the organic matter of the soil after corn cultivation in wet Planting was much higher than that of dry Planting. The rice residues increased the soil organic matter by 51 and 47% in wet Planting and dry Planting. The results of the measurement data before corn cultivation showed a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil in the second year, and this increase was 55% higher in the field with the method of wet Planting cultivation. The results of the measured data after corn cultivation in the second year showed that the amount of nitrogen in the soil increased, and the intensity of the increase in the field using the wet Planting method was 44% more than the field using the dry method. Conclusion The results of this experiment showed that the apparent specific weight of the soil in the second year, influenced by the use of plant residues, decreased over time. The preservation of plant residues has caused an increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil, and in wet planting conditions, the intensity of its increase has been 44% more than in DRY Planting conditions. Also, by using plant residues of dill and beans, the amount of phosphorus in the soil increased. |
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| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-000db553073c4910b0a06e65914a102d2025-02-04T09:50:28ZfasFerdowsi University of Mashhadبوم شناسی کشاورزی2008-77132423-42812025-09-0116343946110.22067/agry.2023.84230.116544588Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.)Einollah Hesami0Mohsen Jahan1Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, IranDepartment of Agrotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranIntroduction[1] Pre-cultivated plants are types of plants that, after harvesting the economic part, the plant residuals are returned to the soil to increase the organic matter and to improve the next plant’s productivity. The use of plant residues can improve biological health by reducing the chemical inputs used in agriculture. Due to the fact that in dry areas such as North Khuzestan, the role of pre-cultivated plants and the effect of their residues on growth and performance have been studied less, this research can be done in different humidity conditions before planting the main plant, and the effects of plant residues and their role on the qualitative characteristics and organic matter of the soil and the performance of plants such as corn are promising and help farmers and researchers. Material and Methods This experiment was conducted in two neighboring farms. In each year, two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years and two locations. Before planting corn in two fields, cultivation treatments and mixing residues of four plant species, including rice, cowpea, dill, eggplant, and fallow, were used as experimental treatments. After harvesting the pre-cultivation plant, investigate the effect of plant residues on some soil characteristics over time. In order to determine the amount of moisture stored in the soil, in two stages before planting and in the middle of the corn growing season, the percentage of soil moisture by weight was calculated. To determine the organic carbon content in the soil before planting and during the mid-growth stage of the corn plant, organic carbon was oxidized using potassium dichromate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by titration with semi-normal ammonium ferrous sulfate in the presence of the ortho phenanthroline reagent (Walkley, 1934). Additionally, soil nitrogen was measured in the laboratory using the Kjeldahl method (Pag et al., 1982). Results and DiscussionIn both farms, the stability of the soil grains in the second year was higher than in the first year, which is due to the placement of organic materials of plant residues in the structure of the soil grains (Koocheki et al., 2020). Soil stability increased in both farms in the second year, with the difference that the soil stability increased by 64% in WET Planting and 50% in dry Planting. In the first and second years, respectively, there was a 35 and 29% increase in soil moisture compared to the control. The results of this research showed that the positive effect of plant residues in improving the organic matter of the soil after corn cultivation in wet Planting was much higher than that of dry Planting. The rice residues increased the soil organic matter by 51 and 47% in wet Planting and dry Planting. The results of the measurement data before corn cultivation showed a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil in the second year, and this increase was 55% higher in the field with the method of wet Planting cultivation. The results of the measured data after corn cultivation in the second year showed that the amount of nitrogen in the soil increased, and the intensity of the increase in the field using the wet Planting method was 44% more than the field using the dry method. Conclusion The results of this experiment showed that the apparent specific weight of the soil in the second year, influenced by the use of plant residues, decreased over time. The preservation of plant residues has caused an increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil, and in wet planting conditions, the intensity of its increase has been 44% more than in DRY Planting conditions. Also, by using plant residues of dill and beans, the amount of phosphorus in the soil increased.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_44588_b911a4f90c2546b567dc7efba340fd93.pdfphosphorusplant residuespotassiumorganic matteryield |
| spellingShingle | Einollah Hesami Mohsen Jahan Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.) بوم شناسی کشاورزی phosphorus plant residues potassium organic matter yield |
| title | Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.) |
| title_full | Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.) |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.) |
| title_short | Evaluation of the Residues of Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.), Dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and Aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) on Characteristics of Soil, in Cultivation without Chemical Inputs Corn (Zea mays L.) |
| title_sort | evaluation of the residues of rice oryza sativa l black eyed pea vigna unguiculata l dill anethum graveolens l and aubergine solanum melongena l on characteristics of soil in cultivation without chemical inputs corn zea mays l |
| topic | phosphorus plant residues potassium organic matter yield |
| url | https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_44588_b911a4f90c2546b567dc7efba340fd93.pdf |
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