The Effects of Physiological and Methodological Determinants on F-FDG Mouse Brain Imaging Exemplified in a Double Transgenic Alzheimer Model by Steven Deleye MSc, Ann-Marie Waldron MSc, Jill C. Richardson PhD, Mark Schmidt PhD, Xavier Langlois PhD, Sigrid Stroobants MD, PhD, Steven Staelens PhD

“…Brain 18 F-FDG uptake was evaluated in the thalamus being the most indicative region. Finally, the cerebellum was tested as a reference region for the relative standard uptake value (rSUV). …”
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Brain Activation and Psychomotor Speed in Middle-Aged Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Relationships with Hyperglycemia and Brain Small Vessel Disease by Misun Hwang, Dana L. Tudorascu, Karen Nunley, Helmet Karim, Howard J. Aizenstein, Trevor J. Orchard, Caterina Rosano

“…Higher activation in inferior frontal gyrus, primary sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, and cuneus was related to longer response times; in contrast, higher activation in the superior parietal lobe was associated with shorter response times. …”
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Enhancing the effectiveness of teaching neuroanatomy: A comparative study using stained and unstained brain sections to interpret cross sectional neuroanatomy by Rohini Punja, Dhiren Punja

“…Material and methods: The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, formalin fixed brain slices measuring 10 mm thickness were stained using Alston's method. 250 medical students of the first professional year were demonstrated features such as the internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lentiform and thalamus in the stained and unstained transverse sections of cerebrum during their neuroanatomy practical sessions. …”
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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis by J. Čemerkaitė, I. Kaukėnaitė, R. Liutkevičienė

“…Clinical manifestations of the disease depend on lesions in those areas of the CNS where AQP4 is most pronounced: spinal cord, optic nerves, dorsal medulla, brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Initially, NMOSD typically presents with optic neuritis or transverse myelitis, or, less commonly, a combination of both. …”
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Brain Activity during Lower-Limb Movement with Manual Facilitation: An fMRI Study by Patrícia Maria Duarte de Almeida, Ana Isabel Correia Matos de Ferreira Vieira, Nádia Isabel Silva Canário, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alexandre Lemos de Castro Caldas

“…Manual facilitation also elicits subcortical activation in white matter, the thalamus, pons, and cerebellum. Deactivations were also found for lower-limb movement. …”
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Navigating diagnostic uncertainty in fahr's disease: a case report with neuroimaging correlations by Devyansh Nimodia, MBBS, Pratapsingh Hanuman Parihar, MD Radiodiagnosis, Sakshi Dudhe, MBBS, Ravishankar Patil, MD Radiodiagnosis, Paritosh N. Bhangale, MBBS, Rishitha Kotla, MBBS

“…Upon his admission to the emergency department, imaging studies (Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging) revealed the presence of bilateral and symmetrical calcifications situated within the bilateral corona radiata, bilateral centrum semiovale, bilateral gangliocapsular region, bilateral thalamus and bilateral dentate nucleus. Laboratory investigations ruled out alternative causes for secondary intracranial calcification. …”
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Evaluating iron deposition in gray matter nuclei of patients with acute ischemic stroke using quantitative susceptibility mapping by Li Zhou, Jie Yang, Wei Zhang, Limei Han, Shenghai Zhou, Chunyan Zheng, Hao Feng, Jianquan Zhong

“…Intergroup differences in regional susceptibility values were calculated for the bilateral caudate nucleus (CN), globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PUT), red nucleus (RN), substantia nigra (SN), thalamus (THA), and dentate nucleus (DN). A receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to evaluate the classification and diagnostic performance of susceptibility values in distinguishing patients with AIS from HCs. …”
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Fatal Postpartum Hemorrhage in Diffuse Midline Glioma with H3-K27M Mutation by Takeshi Miyazaki, Masahiro Tsuji, Shinya Hagiwara, Toshiko Minamoto, Noriyoshi Ishikawa, Junko Hirato, Sumihito Nobusawa, Yasuhiko Akiyama

“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hydrocephalus and a mass lesion without contrast enhancement extending from the left thalamus. To resolve severe symptoms, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted, and a biopsy was taken via the right ventricle. …”
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Brain-wide activation involved in 15 mA transcranial alternating current stimulation in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder by Jie Wang, Qing Xue, Wenfeng Zhao, Huang Wang, Haixia Leng, Mao Peng, Xiukun Jin, Liucen Tan, Keming Gao, Hongxing Wang, Baoquan Min

“…Background Although 15 mA transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has a therapeutic effect on depression, the activations of brain structures in humans accounting for this tACS configuration remain largely unknown.Aims To investigate which intracranial brain structures are engaged in the tACS at 77.5 Hz and 15 mA, delivered via the forehead and the mastoid electrodes in the human brain.Methods Actual human head models were built using the magnetic resonance imagings of eight outpatient volunteers with drug-naïve, first-episode major depressive disorder and then used to perform the electric field distributions with SimNIBS software.Results The electric field distributions of the sagittal, coronal and axial planes showed that the bilateral frontal lobes, bilateral temporal lobes, hippocampus, cingulate, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, cerebellum and brainstem were visibly stimulated by the 15 mA tACS procedure.Conclusions Brain-wide activation, including the cortex, subcortical structures, cerebellum and brainstem, is involved in the 15 mA tACS intervention for first-episode major depressive disorder. …”
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Rostral Agranular Insular Cortex Lesion with Motor Cortex Stimulation Enhances Pain Modulation Effect on Neuropathic Pain Model by Hyun Ho Jung, Jaewoo Shin, Jinhyung Kim, Seung-Hee Ahn, Sung Eun Lee, Chin Su Koh, Jae Sung Cho, Chanho Kong, Hyung-Cheul Shin, Sung June Kim, Jin Woo Chang

“…Also, we simultaneously recorded neuronal activity (NP; n=9) in the thalamus of the ventral posterolateral nucleus and RAIC to evaluate electrophysiological changes from MCS. …”
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Anxiety control by astrocytes in the lateral habenula by Wanqin Tan, Yoko Ikoma, Yusuke Takahashi, Ayumu Konno, Hirokazu Hirai, Hajime Hirase, Ko Matsui

“…The habenula are a pair of small nuclei located above the thalamus, known for their involvement in punishment avoidance and anxiety. …”
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Functional Brain Correlates of Upper Limb Spasticity and Its Mitigation following Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke Survivors by Svetlana Pundik, Adam D. Falchook, Jessica McCabe, Krisanne Litinas, Janis J. Daly

“…Third, at baseline, greater spasticity correlated with higher fMRI activation in the ipsilesional thalamus (rho=0.49, P=0.03). Fourth, following rehabilitation, greater mitigation of spasticity correlated with enhanced fMRI activation in the contralesional primary motor (r=-0.755, P=0.003), premotor (r=−0.565, P=0.04), primary sensory (r=−0.614, P=0.03), and associative sensory (r=−0.597, P=0.03) regions while controlling for changes in motor function. …”
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History of Pain Research and Management in Canada by Harold Merskey

“…Tasker and others in Toronto made important advances in the neurophysiology of nociception by the thalamus and cingulate regions. Their work continues while a variety of basic and clinical studies are advancing knowledge of fundamental mechanisms, including work by Henry and by Sawynok on purines; by Salter and by Coderre on spinal cord mechanisms and plasticity; by Katz on postoperative pain; by several workers on children's pain; and by Bushnell and others in Montreal on cerebral imaging. …”
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The microbiome’s influence on the neurobiology of opioid addiction and brain connectivity by Sade C. Iriah, Nicholas Rodriguez, Marcelo Febo, Madeleine Morrissette, Philip Strandwitz, Praveen Kulkarni, Craig F. Ferris

“…Functional connectivity data shows significant differences across several brain regions e.g., thalamus, hippocampus, and sensory cortices between GFR and WT before and after conventionalization. …”
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Pathomorphology of severe Grade 3-4 hepatic encephalopathy in decompensated cirrhosis patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure by T.V. Shulyatnikova, V.O. Tumanskiy, L.M. Tumanska

“…Using pathohistological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods, the cerebral cortex, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum of 21 deceased patients with acutely decompensated liver cirrhosis with ACLF syndrome and HE Grade 3-4 were examined in comparison with control group, which included 30 deceased patients from acute cardiovascular failure. …”
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The Localization Research of Brain Plasticity Changes after Brachial Plexus Pain: Sensory Regions or Cognitive Regions? by Shuai Wang, Zhen-zhen Ma, Ye-chen Lu, Jia-jia Wu, Xu-yun Hua, Mou-xiong Zheng, Jian-guang Xu

“…The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the postmodeling group manifested increases in regions of the left anterodorsal hippocampus, left mesencephalic region, left dorsal midline thalamus, and so on. Decreased ALFF was observed in the bilateral entorhinal cortex compared to that of the premodeling group. …”
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Primary large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system misdiagnosed as autoimmune encephalitis: a case report by Aihui Ren, Guanwen Zeng, Riling Chen, Zhixing Cao, Wenyan Zhuo, Yubin Liang, Yubin Liang

“…Initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was unremarkable, while MRI scans (both plain and contrast-enhanced) showed abnormal signals in the left brainstem, thalamus, and basal ganglia regions, with specific enhancement patterns, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) demonstrated hyperperfusion. …”
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Exploring the Causal Relationship Between Inflammatory Cytokines and MRI‐Derived Brain Iron: A Mendelian Randomization Study by Zhounan Wu, Wantong Xu, Xuemei Wang, Dan Peng, Zhongbiao Jiang

“…Results The results of MR analyses demonstrate that our study unveiled that nerve growth factor‐β, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were associated with elevated brain iron content in the regions of left hippocampus, putamen, left thalamus, right pallidum, right hippocampus, left amygdala, respectively. …”
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Sleep quality and the integrity of ascending reticular activating system – A multimodal MRI study by Viktória Kokošová, Lubomír Vojtíšek, Marek Baláž, Silvia Mangia, Shalom Michaeli, Pavel Filip

“…The latter effect was significantly modulated by sleep quality in ascending reticular activating system, hypothalamus, thalamus and also hippocampus in MRI metrics associated with iron load, cellularity and connectivity, mainly in the subgroup with poor sleep quality. …”
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Encephalitis or Stroke? A Case Report of Thalamic Stroke in COVID Era by Anandi Damodaran, Rim Koutaich, Devdutt Nayak, Imad Hamad, Rajesh Gupta, Mohammad Ibrahim

“…It supplies bilateral thalamus with or without midbrain. Thrombosis in this artery leads to clinical symptoms like reduced level of consciousness, altered mental status, and memory impairment. …”
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