Examining the effects of changing physiological and psychological conditions and Schumann frequency on time perception and anticipation timing in male referees with EEG
Background: Physical exertion and external stimuli can impact cognitive performance. This study explored how match-like environments and Schumann’s binaural beat stimulation affect time perception and anticipation timing, critical for football referees’ decision-making. Methods: Using a quasi-ex...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MRE Press
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Men's Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://oss.jomh.org/files/article/20250328-513/pdf/JOMH2024092201.pdf |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | Background: Physical exertion and external stimuli can impact cognitive
performance. This study explored how match-like environments and Schumann’s
binaural beat stimulation affect time perception and anticipation timing,
critical for football referees’ decision-making. Methods: Using
a quasi-experimental time series design, 24 active male referees participated
voluntarily. Time perception and anticipation timing were
assessed under four conditions: baseline (B), aerobic exercise (E), aerobic
exercise with 85 dB crowd noise (ECN) and 7.83 Hz Schumann binaural beat
stimulation (SBS). Heart rate and electroencephalogram (EEG) data were
continuously monitored. Data on time perception (ms), anticipation timing (ms),
heart rate (bpm), and EEG (microvolts) were analyzed using repeated measures
analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 26.0. Results: The results showed
significant differences in time perception between E, SBS, ECN and SBS conditions
(p < 0.05), but no significant differences in anticipation timing
across conditions. EEG data revealed increased alpha and theta band power during
the SBS condition compared to others (p < 0.05). Additionally, theta
band power was significantly higher in the ECN condition than in the B condition
(p < 0.05). The findings highlighted improved time perception under
the ECN condition, with a positive correlation between elevated theta band power
and enhanced time perception. However, despite a similar increase in theta power
during the SBS condition, referees did not show significant improvements in time
perception. Conclusions: These results suggest that theta oscillations
may play a role in time perception, but other neurophysiological and
environmental factors likely influence this relationship. Further research is
needed to understand the complex interplay between these variables and their
impact on cognitive performance in referees. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 1875-6867 1875-6859 |