A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae
Abstract This study highlights the effectiveness of a ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanocomposite as an eco-friendly adsorbent for removing naphthalene from water. Synthesized via calcination, co-precipitation, and hydrothermal methods, the composite integrates ZnO nanoparticles, g-C3N4 nanosheets, and chitos...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15117-2 |
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| author | Solat Gandomi Niyat Fariba Zamani Hargalani Mozhgan Emtyazjoo Fatemeh Yazdian Ali Mashinchian Moradi |
| author_facet | Solat Gandomi Niyat Fariba Zamani Hargalani Mozhgan Emtyazjoo Fatemeh Yazdian Ali Mashinchian Moradi |
| author_sort | Solat Gandomi Niyat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study highlights the effectiveness of a ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanocomposite as an eco-friendly adsorbent for removing naphthalene from water. Synthesized via calcination, co-precipitation, and hydrothermal methods, the composite integrates ZnO nanoparticles, g-C3N4 nanosheets, and chitosan to create a material with synergistic adsorption properties. Structural analyses (FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, BET) confirmed its mesoporous nature, with a surface area of 1.33 m2/g and average pore size of 11.92 nm. Despite a slight reduction in surface area caused by chitosan incorporation, the nanocomposite achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 90% and an adsorption capacity of 9.87 mg/g under optimal conditions (pH 6.8, adsorbent dosage of 81 mg/L, initial naphthalene concentration of 5 mg/L, and contact time of 180 min. The Langmuir model (R2 > 0.97) indicated monolayer adsorption, while thermodynamic parameters confirmed an exothermic and spontaneous process. Kinetic modeling favored the pseudo-first-order model, suggesting physical adsorption dominates. Although the performance declined in seawater (39%), it improved to 50% with the addition of Spirulina algae, and achieved over 99% in synthetic solutions. Regeneration tests showed chemical methods were more effective than thermal approaches across six cycles. Overall, the nanocomposite demonstrates suitable potential for naphthalene and PAH remediation, though further enhancement is needed for real-world water treatment applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e7e387b668ff4d9a89877cdd7679cc64 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-e7e387b668ff4d9a89877cdd7679cc642025-08-20T03:42:38ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115112810.1038/s41598-025-15117-2A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algaeSolat Gandomi Niyat0Fariba Zamani Hargalani1Mozhgan Emtyazjoo2Fatemeh Yazdian3Ali Mashinchian Moradi4Department of natural resources and environment, SR.C, Islamic Azad UniversityDepartment of natural resources and environment, SR.C, Islamic Azad UniversityNorth Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityFaculty of New Science and Technology, University of TehranDepartment of natural resources and environment, SR.C, Islamic Azad UniversityAbstract This study highlights the effectiveness of a ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanocomposite as an eco-friendly adsorbent for removing naphthalene from water. Synthesized via calcination, co-precipitation, and hydrothermal methods, the composite integrates ZnO nanoparticles, g-C3N4 nanosheets, and chitosan to create a material with synergistic adsorption properties. Structural analyses (FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, BET) confirmed its mesoporous nature, with a surface area of 1.33 m2/g and average pore size of 11.92 nm. Despite a slight reduction in surface area caused by chitosan incorporation, the nanocomposite achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 90% and an adsorption capacity of 9.87 mg/g under optimal conditions (pH 6.8, adsorbent dosage of 81 mg/L, initial naphthalene concentration of 5 mg/L, and contact time of 180 min. The Langmuir model (R2 > 0.97) indicated monolayer adsorption, while thermodynamic parameters confirmed an exothermic and spontaneous process. Kinetic modeling favored the pseudo-first-order model, suggesting physical adsorption dominates. Although the performance declined in seawater (39%), it improved to 50% with the addition of Spirulina algae, and achieved over 99% in synthetic solutions. Regeneration tests showed chemical methods were more effective than thermal approaches across six cycles. Overall, the nanocomposite demonstrates suitable potential for naphthalene and PAH remediation, though further enhancement is needed for real-world water treatment applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15117-2Naphthalene removalAdsorption kineticsResponse surface methodologyBiopolymer-based adsorbentMarine pollution remediation |
| spellingShingle | Solat Gandomi Niyat Fariba Zamani Hargalani Mozhgan Emtyazjoo Fatemeh Yazdian Ali Mashinchian Moradi A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae Scientific Reports Naphthalene removal Adsorption kinetics Response surface methodology Biopolymer-based adsorbent Marine pollution remediation |
| title | A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae |
| title_full | A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae |
| title_fullStr | A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae |
| title_full_unstemmed | A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae |
| title_short | A novel synergistic and eco-friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using ZnO/g-C3N4/chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae |
| title_sort | novel synergistic and eco friendly approach for efficient crude oil removal from water using zno g c3n4 chitosan nanostructure and spirulina algae |
| topic | Naphthalene removal Adsorption kinetics Response surface methodology Biopolymer-based adsorbent Marine pollution remediation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15117-2 |
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