Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users
Abstract Background While problematic smartphone use screening tools are widely used and increasingly evaluated in student populations, their applicability and clinical stability across diverse groups—particularly those with comorbid substance use—remain unclear. Moreover, the overlap between proble...
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| Format: | Article |
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2025-04-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02778-x |
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| author | Chia-Heng Lin Yang-lin Lin Chia-Hsiang Chan |
| author_facet | Chia-Heng Lin Yang-lin Lin Chia-Hsiang Chan |
| author_sort | Chia-Heng Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background While problematic smartphone use screening tools are widely used and increasingly evaluated in student populations, their applicability and clinical stability across diverse groups—particularly those with comorbid substance use—remain unclear. Moreover, the overlap between problematic smartphone use and internet gaming disorder has not been well established in clinical contexts. This study explores the behavioral and psychological characteristics associated with problematic smartphone use, focusing on its relationship with online gaming behaviors among ketamine users referred for court-ordered addiction treatment. Methods The study involved 233 participants diagnosed with ketamine use disorder. Participants reported their daily smartphone use and primary usage purposes. Ketamine dependence was assessed using the Chinese version of the Severity of Dependence Scale. Emotional distress was evaluated using the Brief Symptom Rating Scale and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-V1.1). Problematic smartphone use risk was evaluated using the Short Form of the Problematic smartphone use Inventory (SPAI-SF). Logistic regression was used to analyze factors related to problematic smartphone use risk. Results The problematic smartphone use risk group reported significantly longer daily smartphone usage (odds ratio [OR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.08), higher ASRS-V1.1 scores (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05–1.23), and a greater likelihood of using smartphones for online gaming (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.19–4.29). Conclusions Excessive smartphone use in ketamine users is closely linked to online gaming, and ADHD symptoms may increase the risk of problematic smartphone use in this population. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af590e574cd645529f00f5f2ce6bfe5e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2050-7283 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychology |
| spelling | doaj-art-af590e574cd645529f00f5f2ce6bfe5e2025-08-20T02:55:32ZengBMCBMC Psychology2050-72832025-04-011311810.1186/s40359-025-02778-xBehavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine usersChia-Heng Lin0Yang-lin Lin1Chia-Hsiang Chan2Department of General Psychiatry, Bali Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and WelfareDepartment of General Psychiatry, Taitung Hospital, Ministry of Health and WelfareDepartment of General Psychiatry, Taoyuan Psychiatric CenterAbstract Background While problematic smartphone use screening tools are widely used and increasingly evaluated in student populations, their applicability and clinical stability across diverse groups—particularly those with comorbid substance use—remain unclear. Moreover, the overlap between problematic smartphone use and internet gaming disorder has not been well established in clinical contexts. This study explores the behavioral and psychological characteristics associated with problematic smartphone use, focusing on its relationship with online gaming behaviors among ketamine users referred for court-ordered addiction treatment. Methods The study involved 233 participants diagnosed with ketamine use disorder. Participants reported their daily smartphone use and primary usage purposes. Ketamine dependence was assessed using the Chinese version of the Severity of Dependence Scale. Emotional distress was evaluated using the Brief Symptom Rating Scale and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-V1.1). Problematic smartphone use risk was evaluated using the Short Form of the Problematic smartphone use Inventory (SPAI-SF). Logistic regression was used to analyze factors related to problematic smartphone use risk. Results The problematic smartphone use risk group reported significantly longer daily smartphone usage (odds ratio [OR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.08), higher ASRS-V1.1 scores (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05–1.23), and a greater likelihood of using smartphones for online gaming (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.19–4.29). Conclusions Excessive smartphone use in ketamine users is closely linked to online gaming, and ADHD symptoms may increase the risk of problematic smartphone use in this population.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02778-xProblematic smartphone useInternet gamingAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderKetamineBehavioral addiction |
| spellingShingle | Chia-Heng Lin Yang-lin Lin Chia-Hsiang Chan Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users BMC Psychology Problematic smartphone use Internet gaming Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Ketamine Behavioral addiction |
| title | Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users |
| title_full | Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users |
| title_fullStr | Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users |
| title_full_unstemmed | Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users |
| title_short | Behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users |
| title_sort | behavioral and psychological correlates of problematic smartphone use in street ketamine users |
| topic | Problematic smartphone use Internet gaming Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Ketamine Behavioral addiction |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02778-x |
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