A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe

In practice, continuous and pulse direct current (DC) methods are embodied in classical dental iontophoresis systems (CDISs) for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). Changes in body electrical resistance and polarization occurrence are the main problems in dental iontophoresis applications...

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Main Author: Serkan Dişlitaş
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/4/1748
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author Serkan Dişlitaş
author_facet Serkan Dişlitaş
author_sort Serkan Dişlitaş
collection DOAJ
description In practice, continuous and pulse direct current (DC) methods are embodied in classical dental iontophoresis systems (CDISs) for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). Changes in body electrical resistance and polarization occurrence are the main problems in dental iontophoresis applications. Moreover, continuous DC application may cause discomforts such as irritation, burning and itching on the skin. For these reasons, it is preferred to use pulse DC instead of continuous DC. However, in pulse DC applications, the treatment period is prolonged depending on the decrease in the electrical charge flow. On the other hand, the pain threshold of teeth when the electric current is applied varies from person to person. In this study, in order to reduce the problems caused by the use of CDIS methods for the treatment of DH, a microcontroller-based switched-mode dental iontophoresis system (SMDIS) using a dual-return probe (RP) is designed, and its performance is compared with CDIS methods. According to the results, the new SMDIS both reduces the polarization effect as in the classical pulse DC method and shortens the prolonged treatment duration in pulse DC by raising the pain threshold of teeth due to increased ion transfer, which is a great advantage over former methods.
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spelling doaj-art-7571bfb94d084f4c81f473cbfabea36a2025-08-20T02:44:59ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-02-01154174810.3390/app15041748A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return ProbeSerkan Dişlitaş0Department of Computer Engineering, Hitit University, Çorum 19030, TürkiyeIn practice, continuous and pulse direct current (DC) methods are embodied in classical dental iontophoresis systems (CDISs) for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). Changes in body electrical resistance and polarization occurrence are the main problems in dental iontophoresis applications. Moreover, continuous DC application may cause discomforts such as irritation, burning and itching on the skin. For these reasons, it is preferred to use pulse DC instead of continuous DC. However, in pulse DC applications, the treatment period is prolonged depending on the decrease in the electrical charge flow. On the other hand, the pain threshold of teeth when the electric current is applied varies from person to person. In this study, in order to reduce the problems caused by the use of CDIS methods for the treatment of DH, a microcontroller-based switched-mode dental iontophoresis system (SMDIS) using a dual-return probe (RP) is designed, and its performance is compared with CDIS methods. According to the results, the new SMDIS both reduces the polarization effect as in the classical pulse DC method and shortens the prolonged treatment duration in pulse DC by raising the pain threshold of teeth due to increased ion transfer, which is a great advantage over former methods.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/4/1748dentin hypersensitivitydental iontophoresis systemswitched-mode pulse DC methoddual-return probetooth pain threshold
spellingShingle Serkan Dişlitaş
A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe
Applied Sciences
dentin hypersensitivity
dental iontophoresis system
switched-mode pulse DC method
dual-return probe
tooth pain threshold
title A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe
title_full A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe
title_fullStr A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe
title_full_unstemmed A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe
title_short A New Design for Switched-Mode Dental Iontophoresis System Using a Dual-Return Probe
title_sort new design for switched mode dental iontophoresis system using a dual return probe
topic dentin hypersensitivity
dental iontophoresis system
switched-mode pulse DC method
dual-return probe
tooth pain threshold
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/4/1748
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