Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate
The effects of different exogenous carbon types on the chemical structural characteristics and stability of soil organic carbon in dryland farmland remain unclear. Based on a four-year fixed-site experiment in a typical dryland farmland on China’s Loess Plateau, this study systematically analyzed th...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Huanjun Qi Jinyin Lei Jinqin He Xiaoting Lei Jianxin Jin Lina Zhou Jian Wang |
| author_facet | Huanjun Qi Jinyin Lei Jinqin He Xiaoting Lei Jianxin Jin Lina Zhou Jian Wang |
| author_sort | Huanjun Qi |
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| description | The effects of different exogenous carbon types on the chemical structural characteristics and stability of soil organic carbon in dryland farmland remain unclear. Based on a four-year fixed-site experiment in a typical dryland farmland on China’s Loess Plateau, this study systematically analyzed the impacts of different carbon sources on soil enzyme activities, organic carbon content, chemical structural characteristics, and their interrelationships under five treatments: (i) no fertilization (T<sub>0</sub>); (ii) 100% chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (CK); (iii) 50% CK + fermented cattle manure (T<sub>1</sub>); (iv) 50% CK + corn straw (T<sub>2</sub>); (v) 50% CK + mixed fermented cattle manure/corn straw (T<sub>3</sub>). The results showed that the activities of β-glucosidase and N-acetylglucosidase ranked in the order T<sub>1</sub> > T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> > T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>1</sub>, respectively. Specifically, β-glucosidase activity under T<sub>1</sub> increased by 35.26% compared to CK, while N-acetylglucosidase activity under T<sub>3</sub> increased by 30.78% relative to CK. Compared to CK, the T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, and T<sub>3</sub> treatments increased soil organic carbon by 26.84%, 11.27%, and 18.63%, and alkyl carbon content by 7.67%, 2.91%, and 5.57%, respectively. Additionally, T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> treatments elevated aromatic carbon content by 20.59% and 176.47% relative to CK. The organic carbon activity index under T<sub>1</sub> was the lowest, decreasing by 10.04% compared to CK. Structural equation modeling (SEM) path analysis revealed that the addition of different exogenous carbon sources in dryland farming primarily influenced the structure and stability of soil organic carbon by directly or indirectly enhancing the activities of glucosidase, β-acetylglucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase, with T<sub>1</sub> demonstrating the most significant improvement. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-66e52497bcfc4cb09e7d9d7ea87aa5382025-08-20T03:24:29ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-06-01156142510.3390/agronomy15061425Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid ClimateHuanjun Qi0Jinyin Lei1Jinqin He2Xiaoting Lei3Jianxin Jin4Lina Zhou5Jian Wang6College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, ChinaCollege of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaThe effects of different exogenous carbon types on the chemical structural characteristics and stability of soil organic carbon in dryland farmland remain unclear. Based on a four-year fixed-site experiment in a typical dryland farmland on China’s Loess Plateau, this study systematically analyzed the impacts of different carbon sources on soil enzyme activities, organic carbon content, chemical structural characteristics, and their interrelationships under five treatments: (i) no fertilization (T<sub>0</sub>); (ii) 100% chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (CK); (iii) 50% CK + fermented cattle manure (T<sub>1</sub>); (iv) 50% CK + corn straw (T<sub>2</sub>); (v) 50% CK + mixed fermented cattle manure/corn straw (T<sub>3</sub>). The results showed that the activities of β-glucosidase and N-acetylglucosidase ranked in the order T<sub>1</sub> > T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> > T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>1</sub>, respectively. Specifically, β-glucosidase activity under T<sub>1</sub> increased by 35.26% compared to CK, while N-acetylglucosidase activity under T<sub>3</sub> increased by 30.78% relative to CK. Compared to CK, the T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, and T<sub>3</sub> treatments increased soil organic carbon by 26.84%, 11.27%, and 18.63%, and alkyl carbon content by 7.67%, 2.91%, and 5.57%, respectively. Additionally, T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>3</sub> treatments elevated aromatic carbon content by 20.59% and 176.47% relative to CK. The organic carbon activity index under T<sub>1</sub> was the lowest, decreasing by 10.04% compared to CK. Structural equation modeling (SEM) path analysis revealed that the addition of different exogenous carbon sources in dryland farming primarily influenced the structure and stability of soil organic carbon by directly or indirectly enhancing the activities of glucosidase, β-acetylglucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase, with T<sub>1</sub> demonstrating the most significant improvement.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/6/1425corn strawfermented cattle manurechemical structure of organic carbonexogenous carbon additiondryland farmlands |
| spellingShingle | Huanjun Qi Jinyin Lei Jinqin He Xiaoting Lei Jianxin Jin Lina Zhou Jian Wang Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate Agronomy corn straw fermented cattle manure chemical structure of organic carbon exogenous carbon addition dryland farmlands |
| title | Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate |
| title_full | Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate |
| title_fullStr | Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate |
| title_short | Exogenous Carbon Type Determines the Structure and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Dryland Farmlands Under a Continental Semi-Arid Climate |
| title_sort | exogenous carbon type determines the structure and stability of soil organic carbon in dryland farmlands under a continental semi arid climate |
| topic | corn straw fermented cattle manure chemical structure of organic carbon exogenous carbon addition dryland farmlands |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/6/1425 |
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