Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
The rising incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been leading to the development of alternative antifungal therapies. This study aimed to develop a topical chitosan–oleic acid nanoparticle (CH-OA-NP) cream loaded with lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) for VVC treatment. The characterization...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Faten M. Ibrahim Eman Samy Shalaby Mohamed F. Abdelhameed Radwa H. El-Akad Kawkab A. Ahmed Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz El Sayed El Habbasha Cristina V. Rodrigues Manuela Pintado |
| author_facet | Faten M. Ibrahim Eman Samy Shalaby Mohamed F. Abdelhameed Radwa H. El-Akad Kawkab A. Ahmed Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz El Sayed El Habbasha Cristina V. Rodrigues Manuela Pintado |
| author_sort | Faten M. Ibrahim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The rising incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been leading to the development of alternative antifungal therapies. This study aimed to develop a topical chitosan–oleic acid nanoparticle (CH-OA-NP) cream loaded with lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) for VVC treatment. The characterization of the optimal nanoparticle formulation (F4: 10 g/L CH, 2:1 OA/LPEO ratio) showed high encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release. Moreover, it was characterized regarding its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and chemical/morphological profile. LPEO-related compounds (e.g., eriodictyol) were identified through LC-ESI-QqTOF-HRMS in the cream matrix, suggesting the preservation of LPEO potential bioactivities after formulation. In silico docking of 12 LPEO metabolites revealed that compounds such as citronellic acid exerted inhibitory effects against several inflammation-associated enzymes (e.g., 14-α-Demethylase). In vitro antimicrobial tests demonstrated remarkable activity against <i>Candida albicans</i>, Gram-negative (e.g., <i>Escherichia coli</i>), and Gram-positive (e.g., <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) bacteria. <i>In vivo</i> studies in a rat model of VVC revealed significant antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of the LPEO-CH-OA-NP cream (5% and 10%), leading to reduced MDA, MPO, and IL-1β levels and increased GSH activity. This novel formulation potentially offers a promising alternative therapy for VVC, addressing the current antifungal therapies’ limitations, counteracting drug resistance. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-173d7061a5304565b1e61e752af338b32024-12-13T16:28:59ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-12-012923576610.3390/molecules29235766Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal CandidiasisFaten M. Ibrahim0Eman Samy Shalaby1Mohamed F. Abdelhameed2Radwa H. El-Akad3Kawkab A. Ahmed4Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz5El Sayed El Habbasha6Cristina V. Rodrigues7Manuela Pintado8Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, EgyptPharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, EgyptPharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, EgyptPharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, EgyptDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12211, EgyptMicrobial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, EgyptField Crops Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, EgyptCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalThe rising incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been leading to the development of alternative antifungal therapies. This study aimed to develop a topical chitosan–oleic acid nanoparticle (CH-OA-NP) cream loaded with lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) for VVC treatment. The characterization of the optimal nanoparticle formulation (F4: 10 g/L CH, 2:1 OA/LPEO ratio) showed high encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release. Moreover, it was characterized regarding its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and chemical/morphological profile. LPEO-related compounds (e.g., eriodictyol) were identified through LC-ESI-QqTOF-HRMS in the cream matrix, suggesting the preservation of LPEO potential bioactivities after formulation. In silico docking of 12 LPEO metabolites revealed that compounds such as citronellic acid exerted inhibitory effects against several inflammation-associated enzymes (e.g., 14-α-Demethylase). In vitro antimicrobial tests demonstrated remarkable activity against <i>Candida albicans</i>, Gram-negative (e.g., <i>Escherichia coli</i>), and Gram-positive (e.g., <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) bacteria. <i>In vivo</i> studies in a rat model of VVC revealed significant antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of the LPEO-CH-OA-NP cream (5% and 10%), leading to reduced MDA, MPO, and IL-1β levels and increased GSH activity. This novel formulation potentially offers a promising alternative therapy for VVC, addressing the current antifungal therapies’ limitations, counteracting drug resistance.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5766citrus byproductslemon essential oilantimicrobial therapiesbioactive compoundschitosan–oleic acid nanoparticlesvulvovaginal candidiasis |
| spellingShingle | Faten M. Ibrahim Eman Samy Shalaby Mohamed F. Abdelhameed Radwa H. El-Akad Kawkab A. Ahmed Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz El Sayed El Habbasha Cristina V. Rodrigues Manuela Pintado Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Molecules citrus byproducts lemon essential oil antimicrobial therapies bioactive compounds chitosan–oleic acid nanoparticles vulvovaginal candidiasis |
| title | Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis |
| title_full | Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis |
| title_fullStr | Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis |
| title_short | Bioactive Potential of Chitosan–Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis |
| title_sort | bioactive potential of chitosan oleic acid nanoparticles loaded with lemon peel essential oil for topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis |
| topic | citrus byproducts lemon essential oil antimicrobial therapies bioactive compounds chitosan–oleic acid nanoparticles vulvovaginal candidiasis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5766 |
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