Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens
Hatcheries have been identified as a significant source of Salmonella within poultry production. Consequently, there is a need for effective egg disinfection methods that can reduce the pathogen burden while preserving the egg integrity and embryo. The metrics for a successful egg disinfection metho...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Poultry Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125002627 |
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| author | Harleen Kaur Dhillon Mahdiyeh Hasani Brenda Zai Kathryn Yip Lara Jane Warriner Ivy Mutai Belinda Wang Michael Clark Sudhakar Bhandare Keith Warriner |
| author_facet | Harleen Kaur Dhillon Mahdiyeh Hasani Brenda Zai Kathryn Yip Lara Jane Warriner Ivy Mutai Belinda Wang Michael Clark Sudhakar Bhandare Keith Warriner |
| author_sort | Harleen Kaur Dhillon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hatcheries have been identified as a significant source of Salmonella within poultry production. Consequently, there is a need for effective egg disinfection methods that can reduce the pathogen burden while preserving the egg integrity and embryo. The metrics for a successful egg disinfection method are typically a reduction in Total Aerobic Count (TAC) while retaining hatching rates. In this study, a gas phase hydroxyl-radical process was validated and verified as a hatchery egg disinfection method. The process is based on applying a hydrogen peroxide mist in combination with ozone gas and UV-C to generate antimicrobial hydroxyl radicals. The treatment (2 % hydrogen peroxide, 20 ppm ozone and 19 mJ/cm2 UV-C; designated as HR) for inactivating Salmonella (serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) inoculated onto eggs could eliminate the pathogen (>5 log CFU/egg reduction) but left residual TAC (1.53 log CFU/egg reduction). Surface sterilization was achieved by a pre-treatment of eggs with the photo-catalyst riboflavin (13.75 mM) followed by 3 % hydrogen peroxide delivered at 70 °C prior to the hydroxyl-radical treatment (3 % hydrogen peroxide, 20 ppm ozone and 114 mJ/cm2 designated HRS). The surface sterilization of eggs coincided with the removal of the cuticle layer with the HRS treatment but not HR. The cuticle layer was also compromised by formaldehyde treatment. When the different treatments were applied to fertile hatchery eggs (n=50 eggs per treatment group), there was no significant difference in hatchery rate (64-74 %), with hatch to fertility being higher for disinfected eggs (89-97 %) compared to the non-treated control (80 %). The seven-day mortality (0 – 2 birds) and feed conversion ratio (1.59 – 1.75 kg/kg feed) did not significantly differ between the treated vs controls. The HR treatment could eliminate Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli (>5 log CFU/egg reduction) although HRS was required to inactivate Pseudomonas aeruginosa (>5 log CFU/egg reduction) and reduce Aspergillus niger spores (3.08±2.25 log CFU reduction). The study has provided treatment options for hatchery egg disinfection and alternative to formaldehyde treatment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-13dff92b067c4702bda8cbb0ff5035e5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0032-5791 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Poultry Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-13dff92b067c4702bda8cbb0ff5035e52025-08-20T03:09:52ZengElsevierPoultry Science0032-57912025-05-01104510502310.1016/j.psj.2025.105023Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of ChickensHarleen Kaur Dhillon0Mahdiyeh Hasani1Brenda Zai2Kathryn Yip3Lara Jane Warriner4Ivy Mutai5Belinda Wang6Michael Clark7Sudhakar Bhandare8Keith Warriner9Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaDepartment of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaDepartment of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON CanadaDepartment of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaDepartment of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UKSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UKSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UKSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UKDepartment of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Corresponding author.Hatcheries have been identified as a significant source of Salmonella within poultry production. Consequently, there is a need for effective egg disinfection methods that can reduce the pathogen burden while preserving the egg integrity and embryo. The metrics for a successful egg disinfection method are typically a reduction in Total Aerobic Count (TAC) while retaining hatching rates. In this study, a gas phase hydroxyl-radical process was validated and verified as a hatchery egg disinfection method. The process is based on applying a hydrogen peroxide mist in combination with ozone gas and UV-C to generate antimicrobial hydroxyl radicals. The treatment (2 % hydrogen peroxide, 20 ppm ozone and 19 mJ/cm2 UV-C; designated as HR) for inactivating Salmonella (serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) inoculated onto eggs could eliminate the pathogen (>5 log CFU/egg reduction) but left residual TAC (1.53 log CFU/egg reduction). Surface sterilization was achieved by a pre-treatment of eggs with the photo-catalyst riboflavin (13.75 mM) followed by 3 % hydrogen peroxide delivered at 70 °C prior to the hydroxyl-radical treatment (3 % hydrogen peroxide, 20 ppm ozone and 114 mJ/cm2 designated HRS). The surface sterilization of eggs coincided with the removal of the cuticle layer with the HRS treatment but not HR. The cuticle layer was also compromised by formaldehyde treatment. When the different treatments were applied to fertile hatchery eggs (n=50 eggs per treatment group), there was no significant difference in hatchery rate (64-74 %), with hatch to fertility being higher for disinfected eggs (89-97 %) compared to the non-treated control (80 %). The seven-day mortality (0 – 2 birds) and feed conversion ratio (1.59 – 1.75 kg/kg feed) did not significantly differ between the treated vs controls. The HR treatment could eliminate Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli (>5 log CFU/egg reduction) although HRS was required to inactivate Pseudomonas aeruginosa (>5 log CFU/egg reduction) and reduce Aspergillus niger spores (3.08±2.25 log CFU reduction). The study has provided treatment options for hatchery egg disinfection and alternative to formaldehyde treatment.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125002627EggsHatcheryDisinfectionSalmonellaHydroxyl-radical |
| spellingShingle | Harleen Kaur Dhillon Mahdiyeh Hasani Brenda Zai Kathryn Yip Lara Jane Warriner Ivy Mutai Belinda Wang Michael Clark Sudhakar Bhandare Keith Warriner Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens Poultry Science Eggs Hatchery Disinfection Salmonella Hydroxyl-radical |
| title | Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens |
| title_full | Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens |
| title_fullStr | Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens |
| title_short | Inactivation of Salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl-radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation: Efficacy, hatching performance and grow-out of Chickens |
| title_sort | inactivation of salmonella and avian pathogens on hatchery eggs using gas phase hydroxyl radical process vs formaldehyde fumigation efficacy hatching performance and grow out of chickens |
| topic | Eggs Hatchery Disinfection Salmonella Hydroxyl-radical |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125002627 |
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